Expression of the Catalytic and Regulatory Subunits of Protein
... phorylation/dephosphorylation is also thought to be a regulatory de vice eminently suited for the control of differentiation processes (6). The levels of both protein kinase C activity and the expression of its isoforms have been shown to increase during HL-60 cell differentia tion induced by dimeth ...
... phorylation/dephosphorylation is also thought to be a regulatory de vice eminently suited for the control of differentiation processes (6). The levels of both protein kinase C activity and the expression of its isoforms have been shown to increase during HL-60 cell differentia tion induced by dimeth ...
Vacuolar protein sorting mechanisms in plants
... In plants, the secretory and biosynthetic trafficking pathways are involved in a series of vital mechanisms, such as gravitropism, autophagy, hormone transport, cytokinesis and abiotic/biotic stress responses [6,7], as well as in ion secretion by salt glands, nectar production, and the secretion of ...
... In plants, the secretory and biosynthetic trafficking pathways are involved in a series of vital mechanisms, such as gravitropism, autophagy, hormone transport, cytokinesis and abiotic/biotic stress responses [6,7], as well as in ion secretion by salt glands, nectar production, and the secretion of ...
Inhibition of Cyclin-dependent Kinase Activity Triggers Neuronal
... both the central and peripheral nervous systems are grossly abnormal. In regions where only postmitotic cells are found in wild-type (wt) 1 animals, many cells attempt to divide and subsequently die in Rb -/- mice (Lee et al., 1992, 1994), suggesting that these cells require retinoblastoma gene prod ...
... both the central and peripheral nervous systems are grossly abnormal. In regions where only postmitotic cells are found in wild-type (wt) 1 animals, many cells attempt to divide and subsequently die in Rb -/- mice (Lee et al., 1992, 1994), suggesting that these cells require retinoblastoma gene prod ...
... polysaccharide is supposedly used for capsule growth or delivered into host tissues. In the present study, we characterized vesicle morphology and protein composition by a combination of techniques including electron microscopy, proteomics, enzymatic activity, and serological reactivity. Secretory v ...
bioinformatics - Noble Research Lab
... and references therein). The data obtained by these methods are partial: each experimental assay can identify only a subset of the interactions, and it has been estimated that for the organism with the most complete interaction network, namely yeast, only about half of the complete ‘interactome’ has ...
... and references therein). The data obtained by these methods are partial: each experimental assay can identify only a subset of the interactions, and it has been estimated that for the organism with the most complete interaction network, namely yeast, only about half of the complete ‘interactome’ has ...
Pleiotropy of leptin receptor signalling is defined by distinct roles of
... As a class I cytokine receptor, LEPRb activates the janus kinase ⁄ signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK ⁄ STAT) signalling pathway [10,11]. Ligand binding to LEPRb results in the activation of JAK2 by transphosphorylation and subsequent phosphorylation of tyrosine residues in the cy ...
... As a class I cytokine receptor, LEPRb activates the janus kinase ⁄ signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK ⁄ STAT) signalling pathway [10,11]. Ligand binding to LEPRb results in the activation of JAK2 by transphosphorylation and subsequent phosphorylation of tyrosine residues in the cy ...
Selective kinase inhibitors as tools for neuroscience research
... Selective, small molecule protein kinase inhibitors provide another powerful way of studying kinase function. They have two major advantages. First they will act on the endogenous kinase and do not require transfection of over-expression. Secondly they can be used over short time scales, which circu ...
... Selective, small molecule protein kinase inhibitors provide another powerful way of studying kinase function. They have two major advantages. First they will act on the endogenous kinase and do not require transfection of over-expression. Secondly they can be used over short time scales, which circu ...
Overexpression of yeast karyopherin Pse1p/Kap121p stimulates the
... nuclear genome, translated in the cytoplasm, and translocated into the organelle. However, all the mitochondrial genomes known so far always contain two genes, coding for apocytochrome b and for the subunit I of cytochrome oxidase. This speci®c feature suggests that the mitochondrial import machiner ...
... nuclear genome, translated in the cytoplasm, and translocated into the organelle. However, all the mitochondrial genomes known so far always contain two genes, coding for apocytochrome b and for the subunit I of cytochrome oxidase. This speci®c feature suggests that the mitochondrial import machiner ...
Hepatitis C Virus: Genome Organization, Viral Proteins and
... E2 in the HCV open reading frame was predicted to be from amino acids 384 to 729 (16). It was reported that in an in vitro translation system, the full E2 coding region does not extend past amino acid 740 (46). More recent data suggested that the N terminal position of NS2 lies at about amino acid 8 ...
... E2 in the HCV open reading frame was predicted to be from amino acids 384 to 729 (16). It was reported that in an in vitro translation system, the full E2 coding region does not extend past amino acid 740 (46). More recent data suggested that the N terminal position of NS2 lies at about amino acid 8 ...
Profibrillin conversion by proprotein convertases
... To test the hypothesis that members of the furin/PACE family recognize the cleavage motif in the C terminus, miniprofibrillin was incubated with protein proconvertases furin/PACE, PACE4, PC1/3 and PC2. Exposure to any of the enzymes resulted in the proteolytic processing of miniprofibrillin to a fra ...
... To test the hypothesis that members of the furin/PACE family recognize the cleavage motif in the C terminus, miniprofibrillin was incubated with protein proconvertases furin/PACE, PACE4, PC1/3 and PC2. Exposure to any of the enzymes resulted in the proteolytic processing of miniprofibrillin to a fra ...
Review Structural Insights into Biological Roles of Protein
... processes [2, 5]. Maintaining a gradient in the concentration of growth factors or morphogens would involve graded affinities between different GAG sequences with the given protein. Thus, the nature of GAG-protein interactions coupled with their sequence diversity enables GAGs to “fine tune” or what ...
... processes [2, 5]. Maintaining a gradient in the concentration of growth factors or morphogens would involve graded affinities between different GAG sequences with the given protein. Thus, the nature of GAG-protein interactions coupled with their sequence diversity enables GAGs to “fine tune” or what ...
Ex vivo processing for maturation of Arabidopsis
... the endoplasmic reticulum to protein storage vacuoles. The mass transport of the proteinase by ER-derived KDEL vesicles is thus involved in the protein mobilization of plants (Toyooka et al. 2000; Okamoto et al. 2003). RcCysEP is synthesized as a pre-pro-enzyme and is co-translationally transferred ...
... the endoplasmic reticulum to protein storage vacuoles. The mass transport of the proteinase by ER-derived KDEL vesicles is thus involved in the protein mobilization of plants (Toyooka et al. 2000; Okamoto et al. 2003). RcCysEP is synthesized as a pre-pro-enzyme and is co-translationally transferred ...
A single mutation in the core domain of the lac repressor reduces
... establishes a large number of interactions with both substrates, in both orientations. Although this observation can partially be explained by the size of its bulky side chain, an aromatic group at this position has been reported to favour π-stacking in other repressors of the GalR/LacI family (PurR ...
... establishes a large number of interactions with both substrates, in both orientations. Although this observation can partially be explained by the size of its bulky side chain, an aromatic group at this position has been reported to favour π-stacking in other repressors of the GalR/LacI family (PurR ...
S-layer Structure in Bacteria and Archaea
... SLPs are distributed over a wide range of phylogenetic branches (Messner and Sleytr 1992; Sleytr et al. 1999) and generally show little (< 20 % identity) to no sequence similarity, even within a single species or closely related taxons. The recent advances in SLP structural biology (Baranova et al. ...
... SLPs are distributed over a wide range of phylogenetic branches (Messner and Sleytr 1992; Sleytr et al. 1999) and generally show little (< 20 % identity) to no sequence similarity, even within a single species or closely related taxons. The recent advances in SLP structural biology (Baranova et al. ...
Localization of Phospholamban in Smooth Muscle
... HOSPHOLAMBAN(PL) ~ is a low molecular mass, integral membrane protein that has been purified from cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) and well characterized both biochemically and functionally (5, 7). In vitro phosphorylation of PL by three different kinases, at distinct sites, enhances Ca2+ uptake ...
... HOSPHOLAMBAN(PL) ~ is a low molecular mass, integral membrane protein that has been purified from cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) and well characterized both biochemically and functionally (5, 7). In vitro phosphorylation of PL by three different kinases, at distinct sites, enhances Ca2+ uptake ...
The structural basis of substrate translocation by the
... the E. coli GlpT protein. GlpT is closely related, both in function and in amino acid sequence, to another organic phosphate/inorganic phosphate antiporter, UhpT from E. coli [29,31], which carries out the electroneutral exchange of glucose-6-phosphate for Pi [32]. Extensive mutagenesis, biochemical ...
... the E. coli GlpT protein. GlpT is closely related, both in function and in amino acid sequence, to another organic phosphate/inorganic phosphate antiporter, UhpT from E. coli [29,31], which carries out the electroneutral exchange of glucose-6-phosphate for Pi [32]. Extensive mutagenesis, biochemical ...
Degradation by bacteria of membrane and soluble protein in seawater
... The time course of protein degradation was described well by a model of first-order kinetics during the entire incubation period in Expt 4 (Fig. 1B) and other experiments, except that a lag period was observed during the initial 6 h in Expt 1 (data not shown). When degradation was linear, the r2 for ...
... The time course of protein degradation was described well by a model of first-order kinetics during the entire incubation period in Expt 4 (Fig. 1B) and other experiments, except that a lag period was observed during the initial 6 h in Expt 1 (data not shown). When degradation was linear, the r2 for ...
Protein Quality Control along the Route to the Plant Vacuole
... other post-ER compartment. Therefore, we investigated its stability by pulse-chase labeling experiments under normal conditions or under conditions that inhibit vesicular trafficking. Protoplasts were prepared from leaves of transgenic plants expressing A363 or T343F and were subjected to 2 hr of pu ...
... other post-ER compartment. Therefore, we investigated its stability by pulse-chase labeling experiments under normal conditions or under conditions that inhibit vesicular trafficking. Protoplasts were prepared from leaves of transgenic plants expressing A363 or T343F and were subjected to 2 hr of pu ...
From Molecular Machines to Hierarchical Modeling
... that carefully recognize particular compounds and move them into and out of the cell. In Synechococcus WH8102, there are about eighty genes that encode for ABC transporters, including about eighteen specific to substrate-binding proteins. The regulation of transport is a complex multi-level process. ...
... that carefully recognize particular compounds and move them into and out of the cell. In Synechococcus WH8102, there are about eighty genes that encode for ABC transporters, including about eighteen specific to substrate-binding proteins. The regulation of transport is a complex multi-level process. ...
2 Nucleic Acids
... DNA is also known as the hereditary material or genetic information. It is found in genes, and its sequence of bases makes up a code. Between "starts" and "stops," the code carries instructions for the correct sequence of amino acids in a protein (see Figure 2.3). DNA and RNA have different function ...
... DNA is also known as the hereditary material or genetic information. It is found in genes, and its sequence of bases makes up a code. Between "starts" and "stops," the code carries instructions for the correct sequence of amino acids in a protein (see Figure 2.3). DNA and RNA have different function ...
Dissecting the function of Atg1 complex in Dictyostelium autophagy
... ULK1 and the class III PI3 K VPS34. The activity of the PI3 K generates a PtdIns3P-enriched region at the level of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to which the complex formed by Atg2 and Atg18/WIPI is recruited. Concomitantly, Atg12 is covalently bound to Atg5, and the Atg12–Atg5 conjugate form a ter ...
... ULK1 and the class III PI3 K VPS34. The activity of the PI3 K generates a PtdIns3P-enriched region at the level of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to which the complex formed by Atg2 and Atg18/WIPI is recruited. Concomitantly, Atg12 is covalently bound to Atg5, and the Atg12–Atg5 conjugate form a ter ...
A previously uncharacterized tetratricopeptide-repeat
... The genetic network involved in cell envelope development and stress adaptation is only partially described in rhizobia, despite its function for cell survival in the soil and during symbiosis. Using genetic approaches, we have initiated a programme to identify novel genes involved in cell envelope ...
... The genetic network involved in cell envelope development and stress adaptation is only partially described in rhizobia, despite its function for cell survival in the soil and during symbiosis. Using genetic approaches, we have initiated a programme to identify novel genes involved in cell envelope ...
The dark side of dioxygen biochemistry Joan Selverstone Valentine
... A schematic overview of some of the pathways leading to oxidative stress and of antioxidants that defend against them in a typical eukaryotic cell (center; mito, mitochondrion; ER, endoplasmic reticulum). There are four classes of oxidative damage: (a) Site-specific oxidative damage involving metal- ...
... A schematic overview of some of the pathways leading to oxidative stress and of antioxidants that defend against them in a typical eukaryotic cell (center; mito, mitochondrion; ER, endoplasmic reticulum). There are four classes of oxidative damage: (a) Site-specific oxidative damage involving metal- ...
Interaction between Cell Wall and Plasma Membrane via RGD Motif
... The fact that integrin- and vitronectin-like proteins existed in plasma membranes and cell walls, respectively, suggests that an interaction occurs between cell wall protein(s) and plasma membrane protein(s) mediated by RGD-motif. To evaluate such a hypothesis, a far-western blotting analysis was pe ...
... The fact that integrin- and vitronectin-like proteins existed in plasma membranes and cell walls, respectively, suggests that an interaction occurs between cell wall protein(s) and plasma membrane protein(s) mediated by RGD-motif. To evaluate such a hypothesis, a far-western blotting analysis was pe ...
1 Introduction - diss.fu
... two identified functions. (1) It acts as an anti-association factor preventing formation of the 70S ribosome from 50S and 30S subunits. (2) It plays an important role in the codon-anticodon discrimination at the P-site (Allen et al., 2005; Sussman et al., 1996). This factor is composed of two domain ...
... two identified functions. (1) It acts as an anti-association factor preventing formation of the 70S ribosome from 50S and 30S subunits. (2) It plays an important role in the codon-anticodon discrimination at the P-site (Allen et al., 2005; Sussman et al., 1996). This factor is composed of two domain ...
Protein phosphorylation
Protein phosphorylation is a post-translational modification of proteins in which an amino acid residue is phosphorylated by a protein kinase by the addition of a covalently bound phosphate group. Phosphorylation alters the structural conformation of a protein, causing it to become activated, deactivated, or modifying its function. The reverse reaction of phosphorylation is called dephosphorylation, and is catalyzed by protein phosphatases. Protein kinases and phosphatases work independently and in a balance to regulate the function of proteins. The amino acids most commonly phosphorylated are serine, threonine, and tyrosine in eukaryotes, and histidine in prokaryotes, which play important and well-characterized roles in signaling pathways and metabolism. However, many other amino acids can also be phosphorylated, including arginine, lysine, and cysteine. Protein phosphorylation was first reported in 1906 by Phoebus Levene at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research with the discovery of phosphorylated vitellin. However, it was nearly 50 years until the enzymatic phosphorylation of proteins by protein kinases was discovered.