JNK Regulates MCP-1 Expression in Adenovirus Type 19
... TNF-␣, and to lipopolysaccharide.6 We previously demonstrated, by DNA microarray studies, increased MCP-1 mRNA expression in Ad19-infected keratocytes in vitro.11,12 However, the mechanism(s) that mediate MCP-1 production in keratocytes remain largely unknown. One means by which signals from extrace ...
... TNF-␣, and to lipopolysaccharide.6 We previously demonstrated, by DNA microarray studies, increased MCP-1 mRNA expression in Ad19-infected keratocytes in vitro.11,12 However, the mechanism(s) that mediate MCP-1 production in keratocytes remain largely unknown. One means by which signals from extrace ...
Structural basis of ubiquitylation Andrew P VanDemark and
... fates, the best known of which is degradation by the 26S proteasome, but which also include endocytosis, targeting to lysosomes, and modification of protein function [1]. These responses to ubiquitylation play a critical role in regulating fundamental cellular processes, including metabolic homeosta ...
... fates, the best known of which is degradation by the 26S proteasome, but which also include endocytosis, targeting to lysosomes, and modification of protein function [1]. These responses to ubiquitylation play a critical role in regulating fundamental cellular processes, including metabolic homeosta ...
Structural Influences: Cholesterol, Drug, and Proton Binding to Full
... them as a proton-selective channel and facilitator of viral budding, replacing the need for the ESCRT proteins that other viruses utilize. Here, various amino-acid-specific-labeled samples of the full-length protein were prepared and mixed, so that only interresidue 13C-13C cross peaks between two d ...
... them as a proton-selective channel and facilitator of viral budding, replacing the need for the ESCRT proteins that other viruses utilize. Here, various amino-acid-specific-labeled samples of the full-length protein were prepared and mixed, so that only interresidue 13C-13C cross peaks between two d ...
DNA-dependent protein kinase interacts functionally with the RNA
... Recruitment of DNA-PK at the HIV LTR As it is known that DNA-PK phosphorylates the CTD of RNAP II (Dvir et al., 1993; Trigon et al., 1998), we performed chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays to investigate the possible presence of this enzyme at the HIV LTR. These assays were performed by usin ...
... Recruitment of DNA-PK at the HIV LTR As it is known that DNA-PK phosphorylates the CTD of RNAP II (Dvir et al., 1993; Trigon et al., 1998), we performed chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays to investigate the possible presence of this enzyme at the HIV LTR. These assays were performed by usin ...
Protein kinase Ca activation by RET: evidence for a negative
... proto-oncogenic receptor tyrosine kinase, RET and a GPI-anchored protein named GFRa. The existence of four different GFRa proteins (GFRa1, GFRa2, GFRa3 and GFRa4) gives different ligands the specificity of binding to RET-GFRa complex. The GFRa receptors are linked to the cell membrane via glycosyl-ph ...
... proto-oncogenic receptor tyrosine kinase, RET and a GPI-anchored protein named GFRa. The existence of four different GFRa proteins (GFRa1, GFRa2, GFRa3 and GFRa4) gives different ligands the specificity of binding to RET-GFRa complex. The GFRa receptors are linked to the cell membrane via glycosyl-ph ...
The Heat-Shock Proteins
... remarkable that this sequence is also found at thc carboxy-tcrminus of the eukaryotic hsp70proteins. In other respects these proteins have little or no homology. The sequence must serve some important purpose, but what the purpose may be is presently unknown. In virtually all cells, proteins of the ...
... remarkable that this sequence is also found at thc carboxy-tcrminus of the eukaryotic hsp70proteins. In other respects these proteins have little or no homology. The sequence must serve some important purpose, but what the purpose may be is presently unknown. In virtually all cells, proteins of the ...
In yeast, the pseudohyphal phenotype induced by isoamyl alcohol
... pseudohyphae form in response to nitrogen-limitation have been extensively studied (for a review, see Rua et al., 2001). Two signal transduction pathways are required involving the mating pheromone MAP kinase module and cAMP/PKA, respectively. These pathways converge on elements in the complex promo ...
... pseudohyphae form in response to nitrogen-limitation have been extensively studied (for a review, see Rua et al., 2001). Two signal transduction pathways are required involving the mating pheromone MAP kinase module and cAMP/PKA, respectively. These pathways converge on elements in the complex promo ...
Hypothesis review: are clathrin-mediated endocytosis and clathrin
... and subsequently form clathrin-coated vesicles for intracellular trafficking of cargo. The network of proteins involved, and the mechanisms of protein– protein interactions are becoming increasingly well understood. Temporal and spatial network analysis have led to a pathway model of CME,4,5 in whic ...
... and subsequently form clathrin-coated vesicles for intracellular trafficking of cargo. The network of proteins involved, and the mechanisms of protein– protein interactions are becoming increasingly well understood. Temporal and spatial network analysis have led to a pathway model of CME,4,5 in whic ...
Ammonium Dodecyl Sulfate as an Alternative to Sodium Dodecyl
... cannot be predicted in the protein MALDI spectrum, the degree of mass shift is unknown. As a consequence, the protein mass cannot be accurately defined. Effects of ADS, TDS, and HDS on Resolution. SDS is commonly used to extract hydrophobic or membrane proteins from cells.5,6 Most biopolymer samples ...
... cannot be predicted in the protein MALDI spectrum, the degree of mass shift is unknown. As a consequence, the protein mass cannot be accurately defined. Effects of ADS, TDS, and HDS on Resolution. SDS is commonly used to extract hydrophobic or membrane proteins from cells.5,6 Most biopolymer samples ...
Structural and enzymatic characterization of a glycoside hydrolase
... cellulosome complexes [7], but are instead either secreted into the medium or attached to the cell membrane as lipoproteins. Indeed, approximately one-third of the encoded carbohydrate-degrading enzymes have been predicted to be lipoproteins [6], which may suggest that C. japonicus has developed a s ...
... cellulosome complexes [7], but are instead either secreted into the medium or attached to the cell membrane as lipoproteins. Indeed, approximately one-third of the encoded carbohydrate-degrading enzymes have been predicted to be lipoproteins [6], which may suggest that C. japonicus has developed a s ...
Gene Section MAPRE1 (Microtubule-associated protein, RP/EB family, member 1)
... screen "End Binding 1" is a nickname that was later applied when the protein was found to target to microtubule plus ends. ...
... screen "End Binding 1" is a nickname that was later applied when the protein was found to target to microtubule plus ends. ...
Protein S-nitrosylation in photosynthetic organisms: A
... Background: The free radical nitric oxide (NO) and derivative reactive nitrogen species (RNS) play essential roles in cellular redox regulation mainly through protein S-nitrosylation, a redox post-translational modification in which specific cysteines are converted to nitrosothiols. Scope of view: Thi ...
... Background: The free radical nitric oxide (NO) and derivative reactive nitrogen species (RNS) play essential roles in cellular redox regulation mainly through protein S-nitrosylation, a redox post-translational modification in which specific cysteines are converted to nitrosothiols. Scope of view: Thi ...
Design and application of stimulus
... Stimulus-responsive systems based on existing proteins Through the careful study of the structures and functions of natural proteins, several peptide motifs have been identified that exhibit environmentally responsive structural behavior. Several of these peptides have been fused to other proteins, ...
... Stimulus-responsive systems based on existing proteins Through the careful study of the structures and functions of natural proteins, several peptide motifs have been identified that exhibit environmentally responsive structural behavior. Several of these peptides have been fused to other proteins, ...
3did: a catalog of domain-based interactions of
... in the everyday work of biologists (36). Many different approaches have been taken in order to achieve this. Most of them exploit the observation that evolutionary conserved domain families are used as independently interacting modules in proteins. These functional modules are reflected at the protei ...
... in the everyday work of biologists (36). Many different approaches have been taken in order to achieve this. Most of them exploit the observation that evolutionary conserved domain families are used as independently interacting modules in proteins. These functional modules are reflected at the protei ...
Lipids affect the function of membrane proteins
... “As people do more and more simulations of lipids in membranes, we are seeing more and more evidence of tight-binding lipids on protein surfaces,” Sansom continues. “It might not be universal to all membrane proteins, but many proteins have tightly bound specific lipids on their surface.” But it stil ...
... “As people do more and more simulations of lipids in membranes, we are seeing more and more evidence of tight-binding lipids on protein surfaces,” Sansom continues. “It might not be universal to all membrane proteins, but many proteins have tightly bound specific lipids on their surface.” But it stil ...
08 Prokaryotes
... from dead organic matter, and parasites, which absorb their nutrients from body fluids of living hosts. Some of them are very strict in the requirements of the conditions: fool complex of amino acids, several vitamins, organic compounds – genus Lactobacillus; some of them are less particular, like E ...
... from dead organic matter, and parasites, which absorb their nutrients from body fluids of living hosts. Some of them are very strict in the requirements of the conditions: fool complex of amino acids, several vitamins, organic compounds – genus Lactobacillus; some of them are less particular, like E ...
Paul M. Nurse - Nobel Lecture
... eukaryote fission yeast or Schizosaccharomyces pombe, and has also extended these studies to metazoan cells. FISSION YEAST AND CELL CYCLE CONTROL The fission yeast was first developed as an experimental model for studying the cell cycle by Murdoch Mitchison in the 1950s (Mitchison 1971). It is a cyl ...
... eukaryote fission yeast or Schizosaccharomyces pombe, and has also extended these studies to metazoan cells. FISSION YEAST AND CELL CYCLE CONTROL The fission yeast was first developed as an experimental model for studying the cell cycle by Murdoch Mitchison in the 1950s (Mitchison 1971). It is a cyl ...
A Series of Ubiquitin Binding Factors Connects CDC48/p97 to
... Proteolysis is pivotal for cellular and developmental regulation. Due to its irreversible nature, proteolysis is ideally suited for regulating unidirectional pathways such as cell cycle progression or differentiation. In eukaryotes, selective proteolysis is largely mediated by the ubiquitin/ proteas ...
... Proteolysis is pivotal for cellular and developmental regulation. Due to its irreversible nature, proteolysis is ideally suited for regulating unidirectional pathways such as cell cycle progression or differentiation. In eukaryotes, selective proteolysis is largely mediated by the ubiquitin/ proteas ...
Perk Is Essential for Translational Regulation and Cell Survival
... stress. Rather, these results suggest that cellular dysfunction is brought about in some way by the accumulation of the malfolded proteins themselves, a consequence of their “proteotoxicity” (Hightower, 1991). This model is consistent with other experiments in which it has been demonstrated that ove ...
... stress. Rather, these results suggest that cellular dysfunction is brought about in some way by the accumulation of the malfolded proteins themselves, a consequence of their “proteotoxicity” (Hightower, 1991). This model is consistent with other experiments in which it has been demonstrated that ove ...
Probes for Multiplexed Detection of GFP
... tools for investigating respiration, mitosis, apoptosis, multidrug resistance, substrate degradation and detoxification, intracellular transport and sorting and more. Moreover, unlike antibodies, these fluorescent probes can be used to investigate organelle structure and activity in live cells with ...
... tools for investigating respiration, mitosis, apoptosis, multidrug resistance, substrate degradation and detoxification, intracellular transport and sorting and more. Moreover, unlike antibodies, these fluorescent probes can be used to investigate organelle structure and activity in live cells with ...
Stable Isotope Labeling by Amino acids in Cell culture (SILAC)
... culture medium(amino acid depleted), light/medium/heavy amino acids aliquots, fetal calf serum and antibiotics on the rack of laminar hood. Place them over the bench of laminar hood. To the 500ml culture medium in conical flask, let user measure and add 50ml of calf serum, with 5ml and 0.5ml set pip ...
... culture medium(amino acid depleted), light/medium/heavy amino acids aliquots, fetal calf serum and antibiotics on the rack of laminar hood. Place them over the bench of laminar hood. To the 500ml culture medium in conical flask, let user measure and add 50ml of calf serum, with 5ml and 0.5ml set pip ...
Journal of Medical Microbiology
... or reactive oxygen species produced by immune cells during bacterial infections [17]. Recently it was found that H. pylori binds with high af®nity to the glycosaminoglycans such as heparin and heparan sulphate, and to heparin-dependent growth factors [18, 19]. Proteoglycans are important in the norm ...
... or reactive oxygen species produced by immune cells during bacterial infections [17]. Recently it was found that H. pylori binds with high af®nity to the glycosaminoglycans such as heparin and heparan sulphate, and to heparin-dependent growth factors [18, 19]. Proteoglycans are important in the norm ...
Lethal protein produced in response to competition
... of the proteins on P. dendritiformis colony growth, various concentrations of subtilisin were placed near growing colonies (Fig. 3A). Low subtilisin levels (Fig. 3A, Upper Line) promoted bacterial reproduction and colony expansion, whereas higher subtilisin levels (Fig. 3A, Middle Line) initially pr ...
... of the proteins on P. dendritiformis colony growth, various concentrations of subtilisin were placed near growing colonies (Fig. 3A). Low subtilisin levels (Fig. 3A, Upper Line) promoted bacterial reproduction and colony expansion, whereas higher subtilisin levels (Fig. 3A, Middle Line) initially pr ...
Enzymes and their effect on amino acid nutrition
... variation in response which is governed by ingredients used, the presence of other enzymes and the age of the animal. Each is discussed briefly below. Recent work has shown significant improvements in amino acid digestibility when proteases are employed but the concomitant improvement in performanc ...
... variation in response which is governed by ingredients used, the presence of other enzymes and the age of the animal. Each is discussed briefly below. Recent work has shown significant improvements in amino acid digestibility when proteases are employed but the concomitant improvement in performanc ...
Adenovirus Overrides Cellular Checkpoints for Protein Translation
... which plays an important role in regulating protein translation in response to nutrient and growth factor signals. mTOR is a kinase that was first isolated as the target of the macrolide drug rapamycin,7 which has potent inhibitory effects on cell growth and replication. mTOR activation induces the ...
... which plays an important role in regulating protein translation in response to nutrient and growth factor signals. mTOR is a kinase that was first isolated as the target of the macrolide drug rapamycin,7 which has potent inhibitory effects on cell growth and replication. mTOR activation induces the ...
Protein phosphorylation
Protein phosphorylation is a post-translational modification of proteins in which an amino acid residue is phosphorylated by a protein kinase by the addition of a covalently bound phosphate group. Phosphorylation alters the structural conformation of a protein, causing it to become activated, deactivated, or modifying its function. The reverse reaction of phosphorylation is called dephosphorylation, and is catalyzed by protein phosphatases. Protein kinases and phosphatases work independently and in a balance to regulate the function of proteins. The amino acids most commonly phosphorylated are serine, threonine, and tyrosine in eukaryotes, and histidine in prokaryotes, which play important and well-characterized roles in signaling pathways and metabolism. However, many other amino acids can also be phosphorylated, including arginine, lysine, and cysteine. Protein phosphorylation was first reported in 1906 by Phoebus Levene at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research with the discovery of phosphorylated vitellin. However, it was nearly 50 years until the enzymatic phosphorylation of proteins by protein kinases was discovered.