Sp3 Represses Gene Expression via the Titration of Promoter
... The DHFR, p21, and MDR-1 Promoters Possess Distinct Sensitivities to Sp-mediated Trans-activation and Repression—We have shown previously that Sp1 and Sp3 stimulate transcription of the DHFR promoter and that Sp1/Sp3-mediated transcription is repressed by two isoforms of Sp3, termed M1 and M2, that ...
... The DHFR, p21, and MDR-1 Promoters Possess Distinct Sensitivities to Sp-mediated Trans-activation and Repression—We have shown previously that Sp1 and Sp3 stimulate transcription of the DHFR promoter and that Sp1/Sp3-mediated transcription is repressed by two isoforms of Sp3, termed M1 and M2, that ...
Distinct Roles of PDE4 and PDE10A in the Regulation of cAMP/PKA
... dilution). Antibodies generated against DARPP-32 (C24 –5a; 1:7500 dilution), GluR1 (E-6; 1:250 dilution; (Santa Cruz Biotechnology), ERK (1:1000 dilution; New England BioLabs), TH (TH-16; 1:10,000 dilution; Sigma), and synapsin I (G486; 1:5000 dilution), which are not phosphorylation-state-specific, ...
... dilution). Antibodies generated against DARPP-32 (C24 –5a; 1:7500 dilution), GluR1 (E-6; 1:250 dilution; (Santa Cruz Biotechnology), ERK (1:1000 dilution; New England BioLabs), TH (TH-16; 1:10,000 dilution; Sigma), and synapsin I (G486; 1:5000 dilution), which are not phosphorylation-state-specific, ...
PDF 51 - The Open University
... inappropriate proliferation, as may be the case in tumour cells. (iii) Endocrine signalling (Figure 3b (iii)) is a kind of signalling in which signals are transmitted over larger distances, for example from one organ, such as the brain, to another, such as the adrenal gland. For long-distance signal ...
... inappropriate proliferation, as may be the case in tumour cells. (iii) Endocrine signalling (Figure 3b (iii)) is a kind of signalling in which signals are transmitted over larger distances, for example from one organ, such as the brain, to another, such as the adrenal gland. For long-distance signal ...
Translation without eIF2 Promoted by Poliovirus 2A Protease
... initiation of translation, eIF4G plays a pivotal role as a scaffolding molecule organizing the architecture of different initiation factors, mRNA and the preinitiation complex [6,7]. The central role of eIF4G in mRNA translation makes it a key target for a variety of animal viruses. Indeed, modulati ...
... initiation of translation, eIF4G plays a pivotal role as a scaffolding molecule organizing the architecture of different initiation factors, mRNA and the preinitiation complex [6,7]. The central role of eIF4G in mRNA translation makes it a key target for a variety of animal viruses. Indeed, modulati ...
GAG binding proteins
... Binding is oriented, with pentasaccharide in cleft and flanking chain to the non-reducing side extending up and over the protein An 18-mer is actually needed to inactivate thrombin, so it acts like a template to approximate antithrombin-thrombin Interaction with thrombin does not require speci ...
... Binding is oriented, with pentasaccharide in cleft and flanking chain to the non-reducing side extending up and over the protein An 18-mer is actually needed to inactivate thrombin, so it acts like a template to approximate antithrombin-thrombin Interaction with thrombin does not require speci ...
Dynamic targeting of the replication machinery to sites of DNA damage
... Figure 4. Phosphorylation by DNA-PK enhances turnover of RPAp34 at repair foci. (A) Localization and quantitative FRAP analysis of U2OS cells stably expressing GFP-RPAp34 after damage with 16 M CDDP in combination with the indicated drug for 4 h. (B) FRAP on U2OS cells stably expressing GFP-RPAp34 ...
... Figure 4. Phosphorylation by DNA-PK enhances turnover of RPAp34 at repair foci. (A) Localization and quantitative FRAP analysis of U2OS cells stably expressing GFP-RPAp34 after damage with 16 M CDDP in combination with the indicated drug for 4 h. (B) FRAP on U2OS cells stably expressing GFP-RPAp34 ...
Saito et al, 2009 - The EMBO Journal
... complex binds Sar1 by direct interaction of Sec23 with Sar1GTP. This forms the first of two layers of coat proteins on the cytoplasmic surface of the ER (Bi et al, 2002). In this prebudding complex, Sec24 is thought to be key for the binding and concentration of transmembrane (TM) cargoes that conta ...
... complex binds Sar1 by direct interaction of Sec23 with Sar1GTP. This forms the first of two layers of coat proteins on the cytoplasmic surface of the ER (Bi et al, 2002). In this prebudding complex, Sec24 is thought to be key for the binding and concentration of transmembrane (TM) cargoes that conta ...
Discrete molecular dynamics
... In the four-bead model, each amino acid is represented by three backbone spheres (C, Cα , and N) and one sphere for the Cβ , again with the exception of glycine [Figure 2(b)]. Additional backbone atoms are introduced for the modeling of Ni –Cj hydrogen bonds. Hydrogen-bonding interactions are modele ...
... In the four-bead model, each amino acid is represented by three backbone spheres (C, Cα , and N) and one sphere for the Cβ , again with the exception of glycine [Figure 2(b)]. Additional backbone atoms are introduced for the modeling of Ni –Cj hydrogen bonds. Hydrogen-bonding interactions are modele ...
Solubilization of Membrane Proteins into Functional Lipid‐Bilayer
... downshifted upon solubilization by moderate DIBMA concentrations (Figure 3 d). This suggests much less perturbation of lipid packing by DIBMA compared with SMA(3:1), the stronger effect of which is thought to result from intrusion of its phenyl rings into the bilayer core.[19, 20] With DIBMALPs, sim ...
... downshifted upon solubilization by moderate DIBMA concentrations (Figure 3 d). This suggests much less perturbation of lipid packing by DIBMA compared with SMA(3:1), the stronger effect of which is thought to result from intrusion of its phenyl rings into the bilayer core.[19, 20] With DIBMALPs, sim ...
Manuscript - CSIRO Research Publications Repository
... nutrient acquisition strategies. Some data support roles of P. infestans effectors in suppression of immunity59, but in general very little is known of effector functions in fungi or oomycetes but many other potential roles remain such as establishment of the pathogenic niche through development of ...
... nutrient acquisition strategies. Some data support roles of P. infestans effectors in suppression of immunity59, but in general very little is known of effector functions in fungi or oomycetes but many other potential roles remain such as establishment of the pathogenic niche through development of ...
Hemocyte marker proteins and regulation of the proPO system in a
... (MIP). Crayfish MIP as well as Tenebrio MIP interfere with the melanization reaction from quinine compounds to melanin, but do not affect phenoloxidase activity by themselves instead. Interestingly, this protein has a completely different structure from Tenebrio MIP and is similar to vertebrate fico ...
... (MIP). Crayfish MIP as well as Tenebrio MIP interfere with the melanization reaction from quinine compounds to melanin, but do not affect phenoloxidase activity by themselves instead. Interestingly, this protein has a completely different structure from Tenebrio MIP and is similar to vertebrate fico ...
Heart Failure
... Background—Recent reports demonstrate that multiple forms of cardiovascular stress, including pressure overload, chronic ischemia, and infarction-reperfusion injury, provoke an increase in autophagic activity in cardiomyocytes. However, nothing is known regarding molecular events that stimulate auto ...
... Background—Recent reports demonstrate that multiple forms of cardiovascular stress, including pressure overload, chronic ischemia, and infarction-reperfusion injury, provoke an increase in autophagic activity in cardiomyocytes. However, nothing is known regarding molecular events that stimulate auto ...
Supporting Information
... GFP-Cln3 (Fig. S2A). These signals were not observed in AX3 whole cell lysates. On blots containing heated samples, anti-GFP weakly detected a ~60 kDa protein and strongly detected a large smear above 225 kDa (Fig. S2B). AX3 cells were also transformed with a construct encoding human GFP-CLN3. When ...
... GFP-Cln3 (Fig. S2A). These signals were not observed in AX3 whole cell lysates. On blots containing heated samples, anti-GFP weakly detected a ~60 kDa protein and strongly detected a large smear above 225 kDa (Fig. S2B). AX3 cells were also transformed with a construct encoding human GFP-CLN3. When ...
molecular biology
... distinct posttranscriptional modifications at the 5’ and 3’ends. Several complex regulatory mechanisms control the gene expression in eukaryotes and they occur at different levels: transcription, post transcription, transport of RNAs into the cytosol, translation, and the degradation or stability of ...
... distinct posttranscriptional modifications at the 5’ and 3’ends. Several complex regulatory mechanisms control the gene expression in eukaryotes and they occur at different levels: transcription, post transcription, transport of RNAs into the cytosol, translation, and the degradation or stability of ...
Structure and function of tomato disease resistance proteins van
... Besides the genes that have been isolated and confirmed to function as R gene, numerous R gene homologues have been identified in genome sequencing and annotation programs. In Arabidopsis, TNLs form the largest group of NB-LRR proteins (Meyers et al., 1999), whereas this class is absent in monocots ...
... Besides the genes that have been isolated and confirmed to function as R gene, numerous R gene homologues have been identified in genome sequencing and annotation programs. In Arabidopsis, TNLs form the largest group of NB-LRR proteins (Meyers et al., 1999), whereas this class is absent in monocots ...
... TME protein 2B and GUS, showed the level of cleavage to be " 99 %, again ostensibly complete cleavage. The translation profiles derived from pCAT∆TME2AGUS (M) and (T), encoding CAT, the C-terminal 18 aa of the TME 2A protein (either strain BeAn or DA), the N-terminal proline of TME protein 2B and GU ...
PDF + SI - Journal of Cell Science
... brucei, Leishmania major and N. gruberi). As retromer in yeast and mammals possesses a sorting nexin dimer, potentially single SNX-BAR proteins could homodimerise. Furthermore, T. brucei was previously reported to lack the BAR domain (Berriman et al., 2005); as BAR domains might represent a distinct ...
... brucei, Leishmania major and N. gruberi). As retromer in yeast and mammals possesses a sorting nexin dimer, potentially single SNX-BAR proteins could homodimerise. Furthermore, T. brucei was previously reported to lack the BAR domain (Berriman et al., 2005); as BAR domains might represent a distinct ...
Introduction to Carbohydrates
... • The oligosacch is transferred from the dolichol to an asparagine side group of the protein by a protein-oligosaccharide transferase present in the ER 2. Final processing of N-linked oligosaccharides: • After incorporation into the protein, the N-linked oligosacch is processed by removal of specifi ...
... • The oligosacch is transferred from the dolichol to an asparagine side group of the protein by a protein-oligosaccharide transferase present in the ER 2. Final processing of N-linked oligosaccharides: • After incorporation into the protein, the N-linked oligosacch is processed by removal of specifi ...
A Phosphorylation State-specific Antibody Recognizes Hsp27, a
... Approximately one-third of all proteins in eukaryotic cells are phosphorylated on either serine, threonine, or tyrosine, a reaction that is catalyzed by members of the protein kinase superfamily (1). Over 500 protein kinases comprise the human Kinome, and they fall into seven distinct families (2). ...
... Approximately one-third of all proteins in eukaryotic cells are phosphorylated on either serine, threonine, or tyrosine, a reaction that is catalyzed by members of the protein kinase superfamily (1). Over 500 protein kinases comprise the human Kinome, and they fall into seven distinct families (2). ...
Mechanisms of enveloped RNA virus budding
... Yeast Fab1p is not formally a Class E gene, but the PI(3)P kinase activity of the protein is required for protein sorting into the MVB. ...
... Yeast Fab1p is not formally a Class E gene, but the PI(3)P kinase activity of the protein is required for protein sorting into the MVB. ...
Recent advances in plant cell wall proteomics
... they bona fide secreted proteins or just contaminants? Recent studies have revealed that several proteins found in the extracellular matrix of animal cells can be secreted without a classical Nterminal signal peptide [37]. Moreover, several cytosolic proteins called moonlighting proteins, have been ...
... they bona fide secreted proteins or just contaminants? Recent studies have revealed that several proteins found in the extracellular matrix of animal cells can be secreted without a classical Nterminal signal peptide [37]. Moreover, several cytosolic proteins called moonlighting proteins, have been ...
Zhang, Zhiyong: An Overview of Protein Structure Prediction: From Homology to Ab Initio
... local structures they can adopt are assumed to be those found in all the known protein structures. (Simons, 1997) The energy function is defined as the Bayesian probability of structure/sequence matches and this forms the basis of the Monte Carlo sampling of the reduced protein conformational space ...
... local structures they can adopt are assumed to be those found in all the known protein structures. (Simons, 1997) The energy function is defined as the Bayesian probability of structure/sequence matches and this forms the basis of the Monte Carlo sampling of the reduced protein conformational space ...
the unfolded protein response in yeast and mammals Chris
... An as-yet undiscovered mammalian Ire1 substrate mRNA may encode a transcription factor analogous to Hac1p in yeast, but it is also conceivable that Hac1p’s position in the pathway as proximal activator of transcription is filled by another protein whose activation is not regulated by splicing. Mamma ...
... An as-yet undiscovered mammalian Ire1 substrate mRNA may encode a transcription factor analogous to Hac1p in yeast, but it is also conceivable that Hac1p’s position in the pathway as proximal activator of transcription is filled by another protein whose activation is not regulated by splicing. Mamma ...
inhibits EV 71 replication Literature Cited
... of enteroviruses (Chen et al. 2008). •Acyclovir, an antiviral used to treat herpesvirus, has successfully treated patients with enterovirus in studies conducted by Faulkner et al. (2005) and Shelley et al. (1988). •Acyclovir is activated by thymidine kinase, an enzyme found only in herpesvirus; ente ...
... of enteroviruses (Chen et al. 2008). •Acyclovir, an antiviral used to treat herpesvirus, has successfully treated patients with enterovirus in studies conducted by Faulkner et al. (2005) and Shelley et al. (1988). •Acyclovir is activated by thymidine kinase, an enzyme found only in herpesvirus; ente ...
Cross-Immunoreactivity between Bacterial Aquaporin
... human hereditary diseases (9). Aqp4 has been proposed as the primary autoimmune target in NMO based on the presence of a self-reactive anti-Aqp4 Ab in patients’ sera (10–13). Aqp4 is a 35-kDa protein that is expressed by the CNS astrocytes and their cell processes surrounding the small blood vessels ...
... human hereditary diseases (9). Aqp4 has been proposed as the primary autoimmune target in NMO based on the presence of a self-reactive anti-Aqp4 Ab in patients’ sera (10–13). Aqp4 is a 35-kDa protein that is expressed by the CNS astrocytes and their cell processes surrounding the small blood vessels ...
Protein phosphorylation
Protein phosphorylation is a post-translational modification of proteins in which an amino acid residue is phosphorylated by a protein kinase by the addition of a covalently bound phosphate group. Phosphorylation alters the structural conformation of a protein, causing it to become activated, deactivated, or modifying its function. The reverse reaction of phosphorylation is called dephosphorylation, and is catalyzed by protein phosphatases. Protein kinases and phosphatases work independently and in a balance to regulate the function of proteins. The amino acids most commonly phosphorylated are serine, threonine, and tyrosine in eukaryotes, and histidine in prokaryotes, which play important and well-characterized roles in signaling pathways and metabolism. However, many other amino acids can also be phosphorylated, including arginine, lysine, and cysteine. Protein phosphorylation was first reported in 1906 by Phoebus Levene at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research with the discovery of phosphorylated vitellin. However, it was nearly 50 years until the enzymatic phosphorylation of proteins by protein kinases was discovered.