Tyr130 phosphorylation triggers Syk release
... phosphopeptide corresponding in sequence to the doubly phosphorylated ITAM (dp-ITAM) of CD79a immobilized on streptavidin-agarose. Syk was recovered from detergent cell lysates by immobilized dp-ITAM peptide (Fig. 1A, WT) and not by nonphosphorylated ITAM peptide (data not shown). Pretreatment of ce ...
... phosphopeptide corresponding in sequence to the doubly phosphorylated ITAM (dp-ITAM) of CD79a immobilized on streptavidin-agarose. Syk was recovered from detergent cell lysates by immobilized dp-ITAM peptide (Fig. 1A, WT) and not by nonphosphorylated ITAM peptide (data not shown). Pretreatment of ce ...
Protein Sorting between Mitochondrial Membranes Specified by
... 39). Precursor proteins destined for the matrix lack the sorting domain (14, 15, 20, 39) and, therefore, may follow a default pathway analogous to protein sorting in the secretory apparatus (21). Interestingly, however, the evidence to date suggests the existence of two types of sorting signals: seq ...
... 39). Precursor proteins destined for the matrix lack the sorting domain (14, 15, 20, 39) and, therefore, may follow a default pathway analogous to protein sorting in the secretory apparatus (21). Interestingly, however, the evidence to date suggests the existence of two types of sorting signals: seq ...
The unfolded protein response: an intracellular
... Although the UPR exists in all eukaryotic cells, much of the progress in understanding this signalling pathway comes from recent studies in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Starting with genetic approaches to dissect the molecular mechanism of the UPR pathway, IRE15,6 was identified as the first ...
... Although the UPR exists in all eukaryotic cells, much of the progress in understanding this signalling pathway comes from recent studies in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Starting with genetic approaches to dissect the molecular mechanism of the UPR pathway, IRE15,6 was identified as the first ...
AHM1, a Novel Type of Nuclear Matrix–Localized
... implicated in most nuclear functions, including replication, repair, transcription, RNA processing, and RNA transport (Berezney and Jeon, 1995). The chromosomal DNAs are known to be associated with the nuclear matrix at specific regions called matrix attachment regions (MARs) and are thereby thought ...
... implicated in most nuclear functions, including replication, repair, transcription, RNA processing, and RNA transport (Berezney and Jeon, 1995). The chromosomal DNAs are known to be associated with the nuclear matrix at specific regions called matrix attachment regions (MARs) and are thereby thought ...
Sorting of proteins to vacuoles in plant cells
... central vacuole that subdivided as deposits of storage protein accumulated [17, 115]. It is now clear, however, that vacuoles with proteases active at low pH (so-called lytic or vegetative vacuoles) and protein storage vacuoles are structurally and functionally distinct organelles [44, 86]. On one h ...
... central vacuole that subdivided as deposits of storage protein accumulated [17, 115]. It is now clear, however, that vacuoles with proteases active at low pH (so-called lytic or vegetative vacuoles) and protein storage vacuoles are structurally and functionally distinct organelles [44, 86]. On one h ...
Myosin binding proteins - Journal of Cell Science
... understanding of this protein family we have characterized the domains in each of these two proteins which are required for targeting the proteins to their native site(s) in the sarcomere during myogenesis. Cultures of skeletal muscle myoblasts were transfected with expression plasmids encoding muta ...
... understanding of this protein family we have characterized the domains in each of these two proteins which are required for targeting the proteins to their native site(s) in the sarcomere during myogenesis. Cultures of skeletal muscle myoblasts were transfected with expression plasmids encoding muta ...
Negative control of cell size in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus
... [8]. SipA, a non-essential factor with a SH3 fold binds to the ATP binding domain (HATPase_c) of NblS and stimulates its auto-phosphorylation activity [9–11] in response to yet unknown signals. Due to the essentiality of the NblS-RpaB pathway, the function of this system in cellular regulation is po ...
... [8]. SipA, a non-essential factor with a SH3 fold binds to the ATP binding domain (HATPase_c) of NblS and stimulates its auto-phosphorylation activity [9–11] in response to yet unknown signals. Due to the essentiality of the NblS-RpaB pathway, the function of this system in cellular regulation is po ...
Chapter 1 - Utrecht University Repository
... endosomes because it lacks a functional vacuolar ATPase. Furthermore this compartment is enriched in the raft molecules, sphingomyelin and cholesterol, and raftassociated proteins, caveolin-1 and flotillin-1 (Gagescu et al., 2000). The exact relationship between the biochemical isolated compartments ...
... endosomes because it lacks a functional vacuolar ATPase. Furthermore this compartment is enriched in the raft molecules, sphingomyelin and cholesterol, and raftassociated proteins, caveolin-1 and flotillin-1 (Gagescu et al., 2000). The exact relationship between the biochemical isolated compartments ...
Protein import into the nucleus - Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes
... Ran-GTP. Names of S. cerevisiae homologues are in parentheses. the import substrate from NRc~. By one model, release could be achieved by NRc~ modification, e.g. dephosphorylation. This idea is supported by the observation that only phosphorylated NRe~ bound NLSs in a blot binding assay [40] and by ...
... Ran-GTP. Names of S. cerevisiae homologues are in parentheses. the import substrate from NRc~. By one model, release could be achieved by NRc~ modification, e.g. dephosphorylation. This idea is supported by the observation that only phosphorylated NRe~ bound NLSs in a blot binding assay [40] and by ...
Electrophilic Affibodies Forming Covalent Bonds to Protein Targets*DS
... very difficult to generate antibodies of subnanomolar monovalent affinity. This may be because of a limit to the affinity of antibodies that can be selected in an immunized animal, as a result of the kinetics of B cell stimulation (11). In vitro selection methods based on phage display (12), mRNA/ri ...
... very difficult to generate antibodies of subnanomolar monovalent affinity. This may be because of a limit to the affinity of antibodies that can be selected in an immunized animal, as a result of the kinetics of B cell stimulation (11). In vitro selection methods based on phage display (12), mRNA/ri ...
Protein stabilization: a common consequence of mutations
... of Veterinary Pathology, University of Glasgow Veterinary School, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK ...
... of Veterinary Pathology, University of Glasgow Veterinary School, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK ...
Gene7-06
... 2. Each subunit contains a single major rRNA, 16S and 23S in prokaryotes, 18S and 28S in eukaryotic cytosol. 3. Each subunit has several active centers, concentrated in the translational domain of the ribosome where proteins are synthesized. 4. The major rRNAs contain regions that are localized at s ...
... 2. Each subunit contains a single major rRNA, 16S and 23S in prokaryotes, 18S and 28S in eukaryotic cytosol. 3. Each subunit has several active centers, concentrated in the translational domain of the ribosome where proteins are synthesized. 4. The major rRNAs contain regions that are localized at s ...
The nucleolus and herpesviral usurpation
... homologous ORF57 protein from Kaposi’s sarcomaassociated herpesvirus (KSHV) has been described as presenting a similar characteristic. NLS1, in combination with either NLS2 or NLS3 are able to function as NoLSs, which target the ORF57 protein to the nucleolus. Disruption of the nucleolus by actinomy ...
... homologous ORF57 protein from Kaposi’s sarcomaassociated herpesvirus (KSHV) has been described as presenting a similar characteristic. NLS1, in combination with either NLS2 or NLS3 are able to function as NoLSs, which target the ORF57 protein to the nucleolus. Disruption of the nucleolus by actinomy ...
Lineage-specific proteins essential for endocytosis in trypanosomes
... emergence of a true eukaryotic cell, the lineage rapidly diversified into multiple kingdoms or supergroups, represented for example by plants, animals, fungi, amoeba and many protist lineages. The ~1.5 billion year period since this radiation is vast, and while core metabolic and gene expression pat ...
... emergence of a true eukaryotic cell, the lineage rapidly diversified into multiple kingdoms or supergroups, represented for example by plants, animals, fungi, amoeba and many protist lineages. The ~1.5 billion year period since this radiation is vast, and while core metabolic and gene expression pat ...
Zinc as a translation regulator in neurons: implications for P
... it was shown that β-amyloid peptide (A ) binds to zinc in vitro, and that amyloid plaques are enriched with zinc (Bush et al., 1994b; Bush et al., 1994a; Lovell et al., 1998). In addition, zinc acts as a neurotransmitter, in the sense that it is released to the synapse in response to extracellular c ...
... it was shown that β-amyloid peptide (A ) binds to zinc in vitro, and that amyloid plaques are enriched with zinc (Bush et al., 1994b; Bush et al., 1994a; Lovell et al., 1998). In addition, zinc acts as a neurotransmitter, in the sense that it is released to the synapse in response to extracellular c ...
Xanthomonas campestris
... Table 2. These results suggest that Xcc may have copies of the same gene, which have different expression patterns. The third comparison, performed between REK and REU (REK:REU), revealed 80 proteins in total, 17 of which showed differential abundance, including four increased and 13 decreased in RE ...
... Table 2. These results suggest that Xcc may have copies of the same gene, which have different expression patterns. The third comparison, performed between REK and REU (REK:REU), revealed 80 proteins in total, 17 of which showed differential abundance, including four increased and 13 decreased in RE ...
The role of aquaporins in cellular and whole plant water balance
... members have been isolated. Functionally, MIPs may be divided into two groups: aquaporins, and transporters of glycerol and other small neutral molecules. It has been suggested that all MIP family members have evolved from two bacterial paralogs, an aquaporin and a glycerol facilitator [4]. The MIP ...
... members have been isolated. Functionally, MIPs may be divided into two groups: aquaporins, and transporters of glycerol and other small neutral molecules. It has been suggested that all MIP family members have evolved from two bacterial paralogs, an aquaporin and a glycerol facilitator [4]. The MIP ...
The Expanding Role of the mammalian Target of Rapamycin
... mTORC2 and Amino Acid Metabolism In yeast, it has been well documented that amino acids are critical regulators of TOR signaling [30]. mTORC1 controls cell growth, ribosome biogenesis, mRNA translation, autophagy, and metabolism [31-35]. On the other hand, mTORC2 control cell proliferation, survival ...
... mTORC2 and Amino Acid Metabolism In yeast, it has been well documented that amino acids are critical regulators of TOR signaling [30]. mTORC1 controls cell growth, ribosome biogenesis, mRNA translation, autophagy, and metabolism [31-35]. On the other hand, mTORC2 control cell proliferation, survival ...
Hyperproduction of Exocellular Levansucrase by
... molecules of sucrose are necessary to convert the controlling element (repressor or receptor) into the form which facilitates levansucrase formation. Such a cooperative interaction between inducer and controlling element has been found for several induced systems (Yagil, 1983). Distribution of'lei3a ...
... molecules of sucrose are necessary to convert the controlling element (repressor or receptor) into the form which facilitates levansucrase formation. Such a cooperative interaction between inducer and controlling element has been found for several induced systems (Yagil, 1983). Distribution of'lei3a ...
Identification of Target Messenger RNA Substrates for the Murine
... RT-PCR and Riboprobe Generation Mouse Tpx-1 full-length cDNA and the 39 untranslated region (UTR) were amplified from mouse testis RNA RT product using the Advantage cDNA Polymerase Mix (Clontech, Palo Alto, CA) and cloned into the pGEM-T vector (Promega) to generate pGEM-Tpx cDNA and pGEM-Tpx 39 UT ...
... RT-PCR and Riboprobe Generation Mouse Tpx-1 full-length cDNA and the 39 untranslated region (UTR) were amplified from mouse testis RNA RT product using the Advantage cDNA Polymerase Mix (Clontech, Palo Alto, CA) and cloned into the pGEM-T vector (Promega) to generate pGEM-Tpx cDNA and pGEM-Tpx 39 UT ...
Is Evolutionary Theory Central to Molecular Cell Biology?
... phosporylate STAT proteins. STAT proteins that are so activated then accumulate in the nucleus and initiate transcription, ultimately affecting the phenotype of the cell. Particularly well studied are the Janus kinases (JAKs) and their STAT targets. The canonical Jak-Stat pathway is an important exa ...
... phosporylate STAT proteins. STAT proteins that are so activated then accumulate in the nucleus and initiate transcription, ultimately affecting the phenotype of the cell. Particularly well studied are the Janus kinases (JAKs) and their STAT targets. The canonical Jak-Stat pathway is an important exa ...
669 Salmonella typhimurium - Journal of General Virology
... A new model for the adsorption of bacteriophage P22 to its host Salmonella typhimurium is proposed. The main feature of this model is that only three of the six tail proteins found on the mature phage function during adsorption. This model explains why there is a difference in the specific endoglyco ...
... A new model for the adsorption of bacteriophage P22 to its host Salmonella typhimurium is proposed. The main feature of this model is that only three of the six tail proteins found on the mature phage function during adsorption. This model explains why there is a difference in the specific endoglyco ...
Short-term adenosine monophosphate–activated protein kinase
... 172 in the α-subunit and kinase activation [13]. The AMPK functions as an energy sensor and is activated when the cellular AMP to adenosine triphosphate ratio is increased [10]. The phosphorylation of threonine 172 in α-subunit strongly correlates with the AMPK activity [14]. The AMPK phosphorylatio ...
... 172 in the α-subunit and kinase activation [13]. The AMPK functions as an energy sensor and is activated when the cellular AMP to adenosine triphosphate ratio is increased [10]. The phosphorylation of threonine 172 in α-subunit strongly correlates with the AMPK activity [14]. The AMPK phosphorylatio ...
Mitochondrial quality control by the ubiquitin
... novel protein, which we have named Vms1 [VCP (valosincontaining protein) (p97)/Cdc48-associated mitochondrialstress-responsive 1], recruits Cdc48/p97 and Npl4 to stressed mitochondria [15]. Under normal growth conditions the Vms1 complex resides in the cytosol. However, on treatment with mitochondri ...
... novel protein, which we have named Vms1 [VCP (valosincontaining protein) (p97)/Cdc48-associated mitochondrialstress-responsive 1], recruits Cdc48/p97 and Npl4 to stressed mitochondria [15]. Under normal growth conditions the Vms1 complex resides in the cytosol. However, on treatment with mitochondri ...
The diguanylate cyclase YddV controls production of
... can induce biofilm formation by acting on additional, not yet identified targets. In order to study the specific effects of YddV on the production of extracellular structures, we cloned the yddV gene into the pGEM-T Easy plasmid, which allows constitutive expression of cloned genes in the absence of ...
... can induce biofilm formation by acting on additional, not yet identified targets. In order to study the specific effects of YddV on the production of extracellular structures, we cloned the yddV gene into the pGEM-T Easy plasmid, which allows constitutive expression of cloned genes in the absence of ...
Protein phosphorylation
Protein phosphorylation is a post-translational modification of proteins in which an amino acid residue is phosphorylated by a protein kinase by the addition of a covalently bound phosphate group. Phosphorylation alters the structural conformation of a protein, causing it to become activated, deactivated, or modifying its function. The reverse reaction of phosphorylation is called dephosphorylation, and is catalyzed by protein phosphatases. Protein kinases and phosphatases work independently and in a balance to regulate the function of proteins. The amino acids most commonly phosphorylated are serine, threonine, and tyrosine in eukaryotes, and histidine in prokaryotes, which play important and well-characterized roles in signaling pathways and metabolism. However, many other amino acids can also be phosphorylated, including arginine, lysine, and cysteine. Protein phosphorylation was first reported in 1906 by Phoebus Levene at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research with the discovery of phosphorylated vitellin. However, it was nearly 50 years until the enzymatic phosphorylation of proteins by protein kinases was discovered.