The integrin–actin connection, an eternal love affair
... Signalling pathways, which depend on localized integrin activation have also been reported. For example, at the leading edge of cells, integrin signalling dissociates complexes between GTP-bound Rho-GTPases and RhoGDI to release active Cdc42 and Rac1, resulting in membrane extension (Del Pozo et al. ...
... Signalling pathways, which depend on localized integrin activation have also been reported. For example, at the leading edge of cells, integrin signalling dissociates complexes between GTP-bound Rho-GTPases and RhoGDI to release active Cdc42 and Rac1, resulting in membrane extension (Del Pozo et al. ...
RNA Tumour Virus Phosphoproteins
... different phosphorylated species within the phosphoproteins of feline leukaemia virus (FeLV), gibbon ape lymphosarcoma virus (GaLV), and the endogenous cat type C virus (RD-II4), we report here the occurrence of multiple phosphorylated species in the pI2 phosphoproteins of the Rauscher (R) and wild ...
... different phosphorylated species within the phosphoproteins of feline leukaemia virus (FeLV), gibbon ape lymphosarcoma virus (GaLV), and the endogenous cat type C virus (RD-II4), we report here the occurrence of multiple phosphorylated species in the pI2 phosphoproteins of the Rauscher (R) and wild ...
Wk7 - ChrisC Bruc
... infected with B. suis PKA activity of the cytosolic compartment was determined by measuring the phosphorylation of a pseudosubstrate VD3-THP-1infected cells showed a significantly enhanced PKA activity - PKA activity correlates with an increase in cAMP levels -These levels are highest between 90 m ...
... infected with B. suis PKA activity of the cytosolic compartment was determined by measuring the phosphorylation of a pseudosubstrate VD3-THP-1infected cells showed a significantly enhanced PKA activity - PKA activity correlates with an increase in cAMP levels -These levels are highest between 90 m ...
Origin of diderm (Gram-negative) bacteria
... these proteins were distributed in different groups. To obtain information in this regard, I carried out Blast searches on 24 proteins corresponding to the first, third and fourth row in Table 1 of Lake’s paper (Lake 2009). The results of these analyses, along with those reported by Lake for the sam ...
... these proteins were distributed in different groups. To obtain information in this regard, I carried out Blast searches on 24 proteins corresponding to the first, third and fourth row in Table 1 of Lake’s paper (Lake 2009). The results of these analyses, along with those reported by Lake for the sam ...
Auxin Action in a Cell
... staurosporine, a broad-range protein kinase inhibitor [14, 15], and NaF, a phosphatase inhibitor, into our cellfree extract. Neither of these compounds had any effect on auxin activity, suggesting that protein phosphorylation is not directly involved in the SCFTIR1-IAA7 interaction (Figure 3B). Role ...
... staurosporine, a broad-range protein kinase inhibitor [14, 15], and NaF, a phosphatase inhibitor, into our cellfree extract. Neither of these compounds had any effect on auxin activity, suggesting that protein phosphorylation is not directly involved in the SCFTIR1-IAA7 interaction (Figure 3B). Role ...
The Tomato Calcium Sensor Cbl10 and Its Interacting - IBVF
... ROS burst stimulated extracellular Ca2+ influx to the cytosol (Lecourieux et al., 2002). The main enzymatic source for the oxidative bursts in Arabidopsis thaliana, the membrane-bound NADPH oxidases (also known as respiratory burst homolog [RBOH] proteins), are synergistically regulated by Ca2+ and p ...
... ROS burst stimulated extracellular Ca2+ influx to the cytosol (Lecourieux et al., 2002). The main enzymatic source for the oxidative bursts in Arabidopsis thaliana, the membrane-bound NADPH oxidases (also known as respiratory burst homolog [RBOH] proteins), are synergistically regulated by Ca2+ and p ...
TJHHST Biology Olympiad, 2015-16
... The main exam of the year is the USA Biology Olympiad. A competition with high prestige, USABO consists of three rounds: Open, Semifinal, and Finals. The first test, a 50-question Open exam encompasses general theoretical biology. This year, it will be administered on either February 12th (tentative ...
... The main exam of the year is the USA Biology Olympiad. A competition with high prestige, USABO consists of three rounds: Open, Semifinal, and Finals. The first test, a 50-question Open exam encompasses general theoretical biology. This year, it will be administered on either February 12th (tentative ...
selection of antigens for antibody-based proteomics
... The human genome is predicted to contain ~20,500 protein-coding genes. The encoded proteins are the key players in the body, but the functions and localizations of most proteins are still unknown. Antibody-based proteomics has great potential for exploration of the protein complement of the human ge ...
... The human genome is predicted to contain ~20,500 protein-coding genes. The encoded proteins are the key players in the body, but the functions and localizations of most proteins are still unknown. Antibody-based proteomics has great potential for exploration of the protein complement of the human ge ...
Identification of a novel human ... through its interaction with the ...
... It is now evident that protein-protein interactions play a critical role in signal transduction, not only mediating recruitment of signaling proteins to receptors and assembly of multiprotein signaling complexes, but also directing the correct subcellular compartmentalization of such complexes and ...
... It is now evident that protein-protein interactions play a critical role in signal transduction, not only mediating recruitment of signaling proteins to receptors and assembly of multiprotein signaling complexes, but also directing the correct subcellular compartmentalization of such complexes and ...
The epidermal intermediate filament proteins of
... cytoskeleton which resists mechanical stress. Thus mutations, which weaken this framework, can lead to cell rupture as seen in a variety of hereditary human disorders including the epidermal keratin diseases (Fuchs and Cleveland, 1998). The common structural principle of all IF proteins is a central ...
... cytoskeleton which resists mechanical stress. Thus mutations, which weaken this framework, can lead to cell rupture as seen in a variety of hereditary human disorders including the epidermal keratin diseases (Fuchs and Cleveland, 1998). The common structural principle of all IF proteins is a central ...
Meaningful relationships: the regulation of the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK
... Rac, a small G-protein that binds and activates p21cdc42\rac1activated serine\threonine kinase (PAK) [29]. PAK-3 has recently been shown to phosphorylate Raf-1 on serine-338, one of the sites whose phosphorylation is required for activation [36]. The other site is tyrosine-341, which is targeted by ...
... Rac, a small G-protein that binds and activates p21cdc42\rac1activated serine\threonine kinase (PAK) [29]. PAK-3 has recently been shown to phosphorylate Raf-1 on serine-338, one of the sites whose phosphorylation is required for activation [36]. The other site is tyrosine-341, which is targeted by ...
Bioinformatics: Network Analysis Comparative Network Analysis Luay Nakhleh, Rice University
... How do we make sense of all this data? ...
... How do we make sense of all this data? ...
Introduction
... The first evidence for an apical sorting signal was found in the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) membrane anchor. When the expression of several GPI-anchored proteins in MDCK cells was examined, several GPI-anchored proteins were found on the apical plasma membrane exclusively (Lisanti et al., 19 ...
... The first evidence for an apical sorting signal was found in the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) membrane anchor. When the expression of several GPI-anchored proteins in MDCK cells was examined, several GPI-anchored proteins were found on the apical plasma membrane exclusively (Lisanti et al., 19 ...
Transport of proteins across mitochondrial membranes
... folding of proteins during transmembrane transfer are closely linked to the function of a host of proteins known as heat-shock proteins or molecular chaperones, present both outside and inside the mitochondrion. In addition, the analysis of the process of folding of polypeptides in the mitochondrial ...
... folding of proteins during transmembrane transfer are closely linked to the function of a host of proteins known as heat-shock proteins or molecular chaperones, present both outside and inside the mitochondrion. In addition, the analysis of the process of folding of polypeptides in the mitochondrial ...
Mitochondrial protein import: from transport pathways to an
... remarkable variety of import pathways and mechanisms. Currently, five different protein import pathways can be distinguished. However, the import machineries cooperate with each other and are connected to other systems that function in the respiratory chain, mitochondrial membrane organization, prot ...
... remarkable variety of import pathways and mechanisms. Currently, five different protein import pathways can be distinguished. However, the import machineries cooperate with each other and are connected to other systems that function in the respiratory chain, mitochondrial membrane organization, prot ...
Sites of Location of Ribosomes in the Bacterial Cell
... These hypotheses derived from experimental data indicate the need for a number of additional experiments; just to name two relatively simple ones: labeling experiments of “naked” Mycoplasma pneumoniae cells (s.above) with anti-EF-Tu antibody. A further example would be experiments performed with in ...
... These hypotheses derived from experimental data indicate the need for a number of additional experiments; just to name two relatively simple ones: labeling experiments of “naked” Mycoplasma pneumoniae cells (s.above) with anti-EF-Tu antibody. A further example would be experiments performed with in ...
Primary cilia and polycystic kidney disease
... axis formation have been observed and are compatible with life, the patients suffer from situs inversus, i.e. their heart is located on the right side and the liver is located on the left side. As in many other circumstances, evidence obtained in the mouse has led to important insight into how the l ...
... axis formation have been observed and are compatible with life, the patients suffer from situs inversus, i.e. their heart is located on the right side and the liver is located on the left side. As in many other circumstances, evidence obtained in the mouse has led to important insight into how the l ...
FEMS Microbiology Ecology 33
... (43 kDa) of A. lipoferum 1842 was unaffected by any starvation treatment for a period of up to 48 h, but later disappeared. These data showed that starvation is not a major factor in inducing changes in the cell surface which lead to the primary phase of attachment of Azospirillum to surfaces. ß 200 ...
... (43 kDa) of A. lipoferum 1842 was unaffected by any starvation treatment for a period of up to 48 h, but later disappeared. These data showed that starvation is not a major factor in inducing changes in the cell surface which lead to the primary phase of attachment of Azospirillum to surfaces. ß 200 ...
AMPK regulates ER morphology and function in
... mouse islets and clonal -cells We employed several imaging techniques to study ER morphology in ER stress. Primary mouse -cells were infected with a baculovirus expressing ER-Gfp and then treated with palmitate or the SERCA inhibitor thapsigargin for different periods of time followed by confocal ...
... mouse islets and clonal -cells We employed several imaging techniques to study ER morphology in ER stress. Primary mouse -cells were infected with a baculovirus expressing ER-Gfp and then treated with palmitate or the SERCA inhibitor thapsigargin for different periods of time followed by confocal ...
The Generic Nature of Protein Folding and Misfolding
... The cellular levels of many chaperones are, for example, substantially increased during cellular stress, as their frequent designation as heat-shock proteins (Hsps) indicates (Pelham, 1986). Some molecular chaperones act to capture misfolded proteins, or even some types of aggregates, and provide th ...
... The cellular levels of many chaperones are, for example, substantially increased during cellular stress, as their frequent designation as heat-shock proteins (Hsps) indicates (Pelham, 1986). Some molecular chaperones act to capture misfolded proteins, or even some types of aggregates, and provide th ...
Heterotrimeric G Protein–Coupled Signaling in Plants
... GTPase-accelerating proteins (GAPs)—specifically known as regulator of G protein signaling (RGS) proteins—speed deactivation (96). There are at least 37 RGS proteins in humans, falling into 10 basic architectures, none of which contain transmembrane domains, although many contain domains that permit ...
... GTPase-accelerating proteins (GAPs)—specifically known as regulator of G protein signaling (RGS) proteins—speed deactivation (96). There are at least 37 RGS proteins in humans, falling into 10 basic architectures, none of which contain transmembrane domains, although many contain domains that permit ...
Activation Mechanism of Protein Kinase B by DNA
... mutant form of DNA-PK, M059J cells while PKB activation is normal in control M059K cells (Fig. 2). In addition, the treatment of cells with doxorubicin, a DNAdamage inducing agent, increased Ser473 phosphorylation of PKB in DNA-PK wild type MEFs, but not in DNA-PK knockout MEFs (Fig. 4A), suggesting ...
... mutant form of DNA-PK, M059J cells while PKB activation is normal in control M059K cells (Fig. 2). In addition, the treatment of cells with doxorubicin, a DNAdamage inducing agent, increased Ser473 phosphorylation of PKB in DNA-PK wild type MEFs, but not in DNA-PK knockout MEFs (Fig. 4A), suggesting ...
Polycystin-2 takes different routes to the somatic and ciliary plasma
... effect, which is consistent with the view that the ciliary trafficking of polycystin-2 is regulated by the BBSome. ...
... effect, which is consistent with the view that the ciliary trafficking of polycystin-2 is regulated by the BBSome. ...
Connecting signaling and cell cycle progression in growth
... (Figure 2). Alternative scenarios include association of the Grb2/Sos complex with other adapter proteins such as Shc. Many growth factors induce tyrosine phosphorylation of Shc, leading to its association with Grb2/Sos. This trimeric complex can relocate to the membrane via Shc's SH2 or PTB/PH doma ...
... (Figure 2). Alternative scenarios include association of the Grb2/Sos complex with other adapter proteins such as Shc. Many growth factors induce tyrosine phosphorylation of Shc, leading to its association with Grb2/Sos. This trimeric complex can relocate to the membrane via Shc's SH2 or PTB/PH doma ...
The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules
... polymers have many more monomers than the number of letters in even the longest word. Proteins, for example, are built from 20 kinds of amino acids arranged in chains that are typically hundreds of amino acids long. The molecular logic of life is simple but elegant: Small molecules common to all org ...
... polymers have many more monomers than the number of letters in even the longest word. Proteins, for example, are built from 20 kinds of amino acids arranged in chains that are typically hundreds of amino acids long. The molecular logic of life is simple but elegant: Small molecules common to all org ...
Protein phosphorylation
Protein phosphorylation is a post-translational modification of proteins in which an amino acid residue is phosphorylated by a protein kinase by the addition of a covalently bound phosphate group. Phosphorylation alters the structural conformation of a protein, causing it to become activated, deactivated, or modifying its function. The reverse reaction of phosphorylation is called dephosphorylation, and is catalyzed by protein phosphatases. Protein kinases and phosphatases work independently and in a balance to regulate the function of proteins. The amino acids most commonly phosphorylated are serine, threonine, and tyrosine in eukaryotes, and histidine in prokaryotes, which play important and well-characterized roles in signaling pathways and metabolism. However, many other amino acids can also be phosphorylated, including arginine, lysine, and cysteine. Protein phosphorylation was first reported in 1906 by Phoebus Levene at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research with the discovery of phosphorylated vitellin. However, it was nearly 50 years until the enzymatic phosphorylation of proteins by protein kinases was discovered.