Glosario Etica
... Utilitarianism. A moral theory that says that what is moral right is whatever produces the greatest overall amount of pleasure (hedonistic utilitarianism) or happiness (eudaimonistic utilitarianism). Some utilitarians (act utilitarians) claim that we should weigh the consequences of each individual ...
... Utilitarianism. A moral theory that says that what is moral right is whatever produces the greatest overall amount of pleasure (hedonistic utilitarianism) or happiness (eudaimonistic utilitarianism). Some utilitarians (act utilitarians) claim that we should weigh the consequences of each individual ...
Ethics - Pennsylvania State University
... – Can end up reducing ethics to economics – Differing views of what makes people happy – Ends do not justify the means if the means are morally unacceptable – Formally, this theory does not pertain to nonhuman life ...
... – Can end up reducing ethics to economics – Differing views of what makes people happy – Ends do not justify the means if the means are morally unacceptable – Formally, this theory does not pertain to nonhuman life ...
Ethics Glossary
... Transcendental Argument. A type of argument, deriving from Kant, which seeks to establish the necessary conditions of the possibility of something’s being the case. For example, we have to believe that we are free when we perform an action; thus belief in freedom is a necessary condition of the poss ...
... Transcendental Argument. A type of argument, deriving from Kant, which seeks to establish the necessary conditions of the possibility of something’s being the case. For example, we have to believe that we are free when we perform an action; thus belief in freedom is a necessary condition of the poss ...
Basic Framework Normative Ethics
... Each society has its rules and it is inappropriate to compare ethical rules of one society with that of another Relativists thus rule out possibility of ...
... Each society has its rules and it is inappropriate to compare ethical rules of one society with that of another Relativists thus rule out possibility of ...
Powerpoint5B. - People Server at UNCW
... • No human essence = selfdetermining • Morality = self-given ‘law’ of existential responsibility ...
... • No human essence = selfdetermining • Morality = self-given ‘law’ of existential responsibility ...
Deontology
... people in need. If there are starving people in Africa, it is your moral obligation to send money or supplies. ...
... people in need. If there are starving people in Africa, it is your moral obligation to send money or supplies. ...
Kant`s Moral Theory
... (1) Action A has intrinsic feature F. (2) It is morally good/bad to do actions with intrinsic feature F. Therefore, (3) H should/should not do A. ...
... (1) Action A has intrinsic feature F. (2) It is morally good/bad to do actions with intrinsic feature F. Therefore, (3) H should/should not do A. ...
Ethics
... An act is good when it is in accord with one’s duty, regardless of the consequences. Act non-consequentialism: a view that states that because no two situations are exactly the same, no rules can be made about moral behavior. Each situation must be approached in a unique way. Intuitionism: An action ...
... An act is good when it is in accord with one’s duty, regardless of the consequences. Act non-consequentialism: a view that states that because no two situations are exactly the same, no rules can be made about moral behavior. Each situation must be approached in a unique way. Intuitionism: An action ...
ETH_REL252_WK2_Lecture
... “Critical Assessment of Competing Ethical Theories” 1. What two criteria should be used to evaluate any ethical theory? 2. What is the difference between a consequentialist and a deontological ethical theory? 3. What is act utilitarianism? How does it differ from ethical egoism? 4. How does one “do” ...
... “Critical Assessment of Competing Ethical Theories” 1. What two criteria should be used to evaluate any ethical theory? 2. What is the difference between a consequentialist and a deontological ethical theory? 3. What is act utilitarianism? How does it differ from ethical egoism? 4. How does one “do” ...
Ethics Paper
... On the other side of the table is the position that narrative is a free form and a rival of philosophy, capable of carrying moral meanings that are not associated with philosophical paraphrase. Hints of this latter view appear in Aristotle's Poetics. A manifesto is proposed against the Socratic piec ...
... On the other side of the table is the position that narrative is a free form and a rival of philosophy, capable of carrying moral meanings that are not associated with philosophical paraphrase. Hints of this latter view appear in Aristotle's Poetics. A manifesto is proposed against the Socratic piec ...
Ethical Problems Strengths and Weakness
... of itself – every act is good or bad only in terms of its consequences (against Kant). • This leaves open the question of wanton cruelty – such as stabbing kittens or kicking puppies. • Furthermore, some acts are right independent of their consequences (Kant would agree). ...
... of itself – every act is good or bad only in terms of its consequences (against Kant). • This leaves open the question of wanton cruelty – such as stabbing kittens or kicking puppies. • Furthermore, some acts are right independent of their consequences (Kant would agree). ...
Virtue Ethics
... Problem of justification for Categorical Imperative – where does it come from Not all good actions can be universalized Rigid e.g. if we have a categorical imperative not to lie, it is wrong to lie even if by lying to a mad gunman, we can save an innocent person’s life It is not always possible neve ...
... Problem of justification for Categorical Imperative – where does it come from Not all good actions can be universalized Rigid e.g. if we have a categorical imperative not to lie, it is wrong to lie even if by lying to a mad gunman, we can save an innocent person’s life It is not always possible neve ...
CHAPTER 2
... Legal v. Ethical East German border guards tried for manslaughter for killing East Germans as they attempted to escape into west Germany defended their actions by arguing that they ...
... Legal v. Ethical East German border guards tried for manslaughter for killing East Germans as they attempted to escape into west Germany defended their actions by arguing that they ...
Character vs. Actions
... Some philosophers think that morality applies first and foremost to actions. A good person can then be defined as someone who typically does what is morally right. The two main groups of such philosophers are the consequentialists (including utilitarians) and deontologists (e.g. Kant). They often as ...
... Some philosophers think that morality applies first and foremost to actions. A good person can then be defined as someone who typically does what is morally right. The two main groups of such philosophers are the consequentialists (including utilitarians) and deontologists (e.g. Kant). They often as ...
Philosophers in Jesuit Education Eastern APA Meetings, December 2011 Discussion Starter
... to him; this is in the other’s best interests and is therefore a duty of love.”6 Kant goes on to acknowledge the obvious tensions that this produces within friendships, many of which cannot withstand this kind of candor. And yet, insofar as it is my end to become better, my friend fulfills a duty of ...
... to him; this is in the other’s best interests and is therefore a duty of love.”6 Kant goes on to acknowledge the obvious tensions that this produces within friendships, many of which cannot withstand this kind of candor. And yet, insofar as it is my end to become better, my friend fulfills a duty of ...
Chapter 3 – Nonconsequentialist Theories of Morality
... thought Kant’s absolutism and thereby conflicting duties could be avoided. Criticisms 1. Intuitionist: what criteria determine prima facie duties? 2. When is one duty ‘stronger’ than another? ...
... thought Kant’s absolutism and thereby conflicting duties could be avoided. Criticisms 1. Intuitionist: what criteria determine prima facie duties? 2. When is one duty ‘stronger’ than another? ...
From Ethical Theory to Practice
... would produce overall utility. Possibly inconsistent with other things of value like loyalty and friendship. ...
... would produce overall utility. Possibly inconsistent with other things of value like loyalty and friendship. ...
Slide 1
... Is eating honey (i.e. stealing the product of the bees’ labor) a moral issue? If not, why not? If so, is it justified or is it wrong, and why? Discuss in relation to at least two belief systems that we have studied. What belief system that we have studied is most likely to result in an environmental ...
... Is eating honey (i.e. stealing the product of the bees’ labor) a moral issue? If not, why not? If so, is it justified or is it wrong, and why? Discuss in relation to at least two belief systems that we have studied. What belief system that we have studied is most likely to result in an environmental ...
Ethics and Ethical Theories
... Character-based ethical theories • Virtue ethics - Plato (427?-327 BCE) and Aristotle (384322 BCE) • Development of good character traits and habits • Be a moral person rather than just follow rules • Agent-oriented rather than action or rule-oriented • Develop character traits such as kindness, tr ...
... Character-based ethical theories • Virtue ethics - Plato (427?-327 BCE) and Aristotle (384322 BCE) • Development of good character traits and habits • Be a moral person rather than just follow rules • Agent-oriented rather than action or rule-oriented • Develop character traits such as kindness, tr ...
Kantian Ethics
... a knock on the door. You answer and a woman is standing there looking scared. She tells you she is on the run from a man who is trying to kill her and asks for you to help ...
... a knock on the door. You answer and a woman is standing there looking scared. She tells you she is on the run from a man who is trying to kill her and asks for you to help ...
Human Personhood from a Kantian Perspective
... humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of any other, never simply as a means, but always at the same time as an end” (Wilkins, 1995). “This is often seen as introducing the idea of „respect‟ for persons, for whatever it is that is essential to our humanity” (Johnson, 2008). This formu ...
... humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of any other, never simply as a means, but always at the same time as an end” (Wilkins, 1995). “This is often seen as introducing the idea of „respect‟ for persons, for whatever it is that is essential to our humanity” (Johnson, 2008). This formu ...
Lesson 5 Kantian Ethics
... 1. “Act only according to that maxim by which you can at the same time will that it would become a universal law.” 2. Act “as though the maxim of your action were by your will to become a universal law of nature” such as the laws of physics. 3. ‘Act so that you treat humanity, whether in you’re your ...
... 1. “Act only according to that maxim by which you can at the same time will that it would become a universal law.” 2. Act “as though the maxim of your action were by your will to become a universal law of nature” such as the laws of physics. 3. ‘Act so that you treat humanity, whether in you’re your ...
Kant’s Ethics of Duty - NCC Courses: Dr. Sarah B. Fowler
... The "Categorical Imperative" The Categorical Imperative is the means by which we determine what the moral law is. It states: "I ought never to act except in such a way that I can also will that my maxim should become a universal law.” It means: • that we have to be willing for others to use the sam ...
... The "Categorical Imperative" The Categorical Imperative is the means by which we determine what the moral law is. It states: "I ought never to act except in such a way that I can also will that my maxim should become a universal law.” It means: • that we have to be willing for others to use the sam ...
Nonconsequentialist Theories
... 4. Surely some human beings do not (or appear not to) have moral intuitions; how do we expect them to act ethically without some exterior and rationally defensible touchstone for ethical behavior? 5. One of Thiroux’s biggest concerns is the social dimension of ethical decision making, so “if intuiti ...
... 4. Surely some human beings do not (or appear not to) have moral intuitions; how do we expect them to act ethically without some exterior and rationally defensible touchstone for ethical behavior? 5. One of Thiroux’s biggest concerns is the social dimension of ethical decision making, so “if intuiti ...
Kantian ethics
Kantian ethics refers to a deontological ethical theory ascribed to the German philosopher Immanuel Kant. The theory, developed as a result of Enlightenment rationalism, is based on the view that the only intrinsically good thing is a good will; an action can only be good if its maxim – the principle behind it – is duty to the moral law. Central to Kant's construction of the moral law is the categorical imperative, which acts on all people, regardless of their interests or desires. Kant formulated the categorical imperative in various ways. His principle of universalisability requires that, for an action to be permissible, it must be possible to apply it to all people without a contradiction occurring. His formulation of humanity as an end in itself requires that humans are never treated merely as a means to an end, but always also as ends in themselves. The formulation of autonomy concludes that rational agents are bound to the moral law by their own will, while Kant's concept of the Kingdom of Ends requires that people act as if the principles of their actions establish a law for a hypothetical kingdom. Kant also distinguished between perfect and imperfect duties. A perfect duty, such as the duty not to lie, always holds true; an imperfect duty, such as the duty to give to charity, can be made flexible and applied in particular time and place.American philosopher Louis Pojman has cited Pietism, political philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau, the modern debate between rationalism and empiricism, and the influence of natural law as influences on the development of Kant's ethics. Other philosophers have argued that Kant's parents and his teacher, Martin Knutzen, influenced his ethics. Those influenced by Kantian ethics include philosopher Jürgen Habermas, political philosopher John Rawls, and psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan. German philosopher G. W. F. Hegel criticised Kant for not providing specific enough detail in his moral theory to affect decision-making and for denying human nature. German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer argued that ethics should attempt to describe how people behave and criticised Kant for being prescriptive. Michael Stocker has argued that acting out of duty can diminish other moral motivations such as friendship, while Marcia Baron has defended the theory by arguing that duty does not diminish other motivations. The Catholic Church has criticised Kant's ethics as contradictory and regards Christian ethics as more compatible with virtue ethics.The claim that all humans are due dignity and respect as autonomous agents means that medical professionals should be happy for their treatments to be performed upon anyone, and that patients must never be treated merely as useful for society. Kant's approach to sexual ethics emerged from his view that humans should never be used merely as a means to an end, leading him to regard sexual activity as degrading and to condemn certain specific sexual practices. Feminist philosophers have used Kantian ethics to condemn practices such as prostitution and pornography because they do not treat women as ends. Kant also believed that, because animals do not possess rationality, we cannot have duties to them except indirect duties not to develop immoral dispositions through cruelty towards them. Kant used the example of lying as an application of his ethics: because there is a perfect duty to tell the truth, we must never lie, even if it seems that lying would bring about better consequences than telling the truth.