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Introduction to Ethics Lecture 10 Ayer and Emotivism
Introduction to Ethics Lecture 10 Ayer and Emotivism

... So Moral judgments are neither true nor false. So statements of value “are not in the literal sense significant, but are simply expressions of emotion which can be neither true nor false.” ...
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... might tell us that we are not very altruistic beyond a limited group of friends and family however a moral theory might tell us that we ought to be altruistic beyond a limited group of friends and family. Another way this distinction between normative and descriptive theories is discussed as is the ...
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... selfish motives is a non sequitur. (section 6) • A non sequitur is just an inference that doesn’t follow. • We know that: every voluntary action is prompted by the agent’s own motives and not someone else’s. • We are mistakenly inferring that: every voluntary action is promoted by motives of a parti ...
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Consequentialism



Consequentialism is the class of normative ethical theories holding that the consequences of one's conduct are the ultimate basis for any judgment about the rightness or wrongness of that conduct. Thus, from a consequentialist standpoint, a morally right act (or omission from acting) is one that will produce a good outcome, or consequence. In an extreme form, the idea of consequentialism is commonly encapsulated in the English saying, ""the ends justify the means"", meaning that if a goal is morally important enough, any method of achieving it is acceptable.Consequentialism is usually contrasted with deontological ethics (or deontology), in that deontology, in which rules and moral duty are central, derives the rightness or wrongness of one's conduct from the character of the behaviour itself rather than the outcomes of the conduct. It is also contrasted with virtue ethics, which focuses on the character of the agent rather than on the nature or consequences of the act (or omission) itself, and pragmatic ethics which treats morality like science: advancing socially over the course of many lifetimes, such that any moral criterion is subject to revision. Consequentialist theories differ in how they define moral goods.Some argue that consequentialist and deontological theories are not necessarily mutually exclusive. For example, T. M. Scanlon advances the idea that human rights, which are commonly considered a ""deontological"" concept, can only be justified with reference to the consequences of having those rights. Similarly, Robert Nozick argues for a theory that is mostly consequentialist, but incorporates inviolable ""side-constraints"" which restrict the sort of actions agents are permitted to do.
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