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Algal and cyanobacterial responses to fluoride
... cytoplasmic pH which leads to activation of the plasma membrane proton extruding ATPase, thus causing ATP consumption. Such activation is well documented for weak acids.39,40 The consequent ATP depletion may affect a wide range of cellular functions like inhibition of phosphate uptake41 and also los ...
... cytoplasmic pH which leads to activation of the plasma membrane proton extruding ATPase, thus causing ATP consumption. Such activation is well documented for weak acids.39,40 The consequent ATP depletion may affect a wide range of cellular functions like inhibition of phosphate uptake41 and also los ...
Patiriella exigua: grazing by a starfish in an overgrazed intertidal
... Hawkins & Hartnoll 1983). Where the early microscopic phases of life history are not removed by grazing, fleshy, branched algae grow, smothering sessile animals, such as barnacles (Barnes & Powell 1950, Dayton 1971) and other major occupiers of space. Such macroscopic algae cannot be eaten by many i ...
... Hawkins & Hartnoll 1983). Where the early microscopic phases of life history are not removed by grazing, fleshy, branched algae grow, smothering sessile animals, such as barnacles (Barnes & Powell 1950, Dayton 1971) and other major occupiers of space. Such macroscopic algae cannot be eaten by many i ...
Bioreaction Network Topology and Metabolic Flux Ratio
... FIG. 1. Schematic presentation of the principle of biosynthetically directed fractional 13C labeling achieved by growing cells in a minimal medium with 250 [U- 13C]-labeled glucose and 75 0 glucose containing 13C at natural abundance as the sole carbon source (A). 13C and 12C nuclei are represented ...
... FIG. 1. Schematic presentation of the principle of biosynthetically directed fractional 13C labeling achieved by growing cells in a minimal medium with 250 [U- 13C]-labeled glucose and 75 0 glucose containing 13C at natural abundance as the sole carbon source (A). 13C and 12C nuclei are represented ...
Biology microscience experiments: teaching and
... spore, or pollen grain. Seeds germinate when they are exposed to factors such as moisture, oxygen and a favourable temperature. The process begins with the uptake of water by the seed. After this, the metabolic rate of the seed increases markedly and various physiological changes take place. Enzymes ...
... spore, or pollen grain. Seeds germinate when they are exposed to factors such as moisture, oxygen and a favourable temperature. The process begins with the uptake of water by the seed. After this, the metabolic rate of the seed increases markedly and various physiological changes take place. Enzymes ...
Scholarly Interest Report
... The discipline of bioenergetics attempts to characterize the biochemical processes whereby the chemical free energy that originates with our diet is made available to living organisms. In eucaryotic systems the relevant processes are catalyzed by enzyme complexes present in the inner membrane of the ...
... The discipline of bioenergetics attempts to characterize the biochemical processes whereby the chemical free energy that originates with our diet is made available to living organisms. In eucaryotic systems the relevant processes are catalyzed by enzyme complexes present in the inner membrane of the ...
impact of selenium fortification in fenugreek
... was 0.9 d/sm. The chemicals and reagents used in this study were of analytical grade. The fenugreek seeds were physically analyzed and the disease free, good condition seeds were selected for this fortification protocols. The diseased and damaged seeds were removed. The temperature was 25-30ºC durin ...
... was 0.9 d/sm. The chemicals and reagents used in this study were of analytical grade. The fenugreek seeds were physically analyzed and the disease free, good condition seeds were selected for this fortification protocols. The diseased and damaged seeds were removed. The temperature was 25-30ºC durin ...
Chemistry - Department of Education and Skills
... Physics and Chemistry. Evaluations of this programme have shown that it has had an important impact on the participation levels in Physics and Chemistry among girls in the target schools. This present handbook is the most recent example of the work of these worthwhile Intervention Projects. However, ...
... Physics and Chemistry. Evaluations of this programme have shown that it has had an important impact on the participation levels in Physics and Chemistry among girls in the target schools. This present handbook is the most recent example of the work of these worthwhile Intervention Projects. However, ...
Positional cues for the starch/lipid balance in maize kernels and
... et al., 2003). In embryos of the dicot, oilseed rape, Vigeolas et al. (2003) could show that lipid but not starch storage metabolism was limited by the prevailing low oxygen levels. Photosynthesis was also shown to provide O2 to hypoxic seed tissues (Rolletschek et al., 2004a) as well as energy (ATP ...
... et al., 2003). In embryos of the dicot, oilseed rape, Vigeolas et al. (2003) could show that lipid but not starch storage metabolism was limited by the prevailing low oxygen levels. Photosynthesis was also shown to provide O2 to hypoxic seed tissues (Rolletschek et al., 2004a) as well as energy (ATP ...
Vitamins and Coenzymes
... carbonyl group of the a-keto acid (i. e. pyruvate or a-KG) followed by protonation forms an activated a-hydroxyacid • The hydroxy acid then undergoes decarboxylation • The positively charged nitrogen of TPP serves as a critical electron sink during the decarboxylation step and contributes to the res ...
... carbonyl group of the a-keto acid (i. e. pyruvate or a-KG) followed by protonation forms an activated a-hydroxyacid • The hydroxy acid then undergoes decarboxylation • The positively charged nitrogen of TPP serves as a critical electron sink during the decarboxylation step and contributes to the res ...
Full-Text PDF
... rapid advancement of microbial cell factory development. Once the enzymatic and genetic information for metabolic pathways producing important commodity biochemicals are solved, these genetic parts are then transferred to other organisms capable of utilizing diverse bioresources for growth. Among th ...
... rapid advancement of microbial cell factory development. Once the enzymatic and genetic information for metabolic pathways producing important commodity biochemicals are solved, these genetic parts are then transferred to other organisms capable of utilizing diverse bioresources for growth. Among th ...
nitrogen fixation and its improvement through genetic engineering
... molecules are hydrolyzed to two MgADP molecules during the association event and a single electron is transferred from the 4Fe-4S cluster of Fe protein to MoFe protein. The oxidized Fe protein ([4Fe-4S]2+) with Mg-ADP bound to it then dissociates from the Mo Fe protein. The release of Fe protein is ...
... molecules are hydrolyzed to two MgADP molecules during the association event and a single electron is transferred from the 4Fe-4S cluster of Fe protein to MoFe protein. The oxidized Fe protein ([4Fe-4S]2+) with Mg-ADP bound to it then dissociates from the Mo Fe protein. The release of Fe protein is ...
Metabolite and isotopologue profiling in plants. Studies on the
... two types of compounds, the primary metabolites and the secondary metabolites. The primary metabolites are compounds involved in the basic functions of the living cell, such as respiration and biosynthesis of the amino acids and other compounds needed for a living cell. The primary metabolites in pl ...
... two types of compounds, the primary metabolites and the secondary metabolites. The primary metabolites are compounds involved in the basic functions of the living cell, such as respiration and biosynthesis of the amino acids and other compounds needed for a living cell. The primary metabolites in pl ...
72966 - Repositori UJI
... existence of a chemical bond must be related to some observable; in other words, chemical bonding must have an effect on measurable properties of the system. The electron density, r(r) is certainly the best choice because it is a local function defined within the exact many body theory which can als ...
... existence of a chemical bond must be related to some observable; in other words, chemical bonding must have an effect on measurable properties of the system. The electron density, r(r) is certainly the best choice because it is a local function defined within the exact many body theory which can als ...
Presentazione di PowerPoint
... Plants require minerals Minerals are inorganic substances (ions or compounds) that can be transformed by plants into organic molecules. ...
... Plants require minerals Minerals are inorganic substances (ions or compounds) that can be transformed by plants into organic molecules. ...
The acetyl-CoA pathway of autotrophic growth
... For the most part, following this initial synthesis, the other mechanisms of CO2 fixation, the synthesis of fatty acids, carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids are similar to those used by organisms that require organic carbon for growth. Prior to the discovery of the acetyl-CoA pathway, there we ...
... For the most part, following this initial synthesis, the other mechanisms of CO2 fixation, the synthesis of fatty acids, carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids are similar to those used by organisms that require organic carbon for growth. Prior to the discovery of the acetyl-CoA pathway, there we ...
Theoretical Approaches to the Evolutionary Optimization of Glycolysis
... example, a phosphate cannot be transferred to ADP from an ester phosphate -CH,O-(P) because the -CH,O- is a poor leaving group]. An obvious condition for a net ATP synthesis is that the phosphate group is previously transferred to the intermediate as inorganic phosphate ; the possible mechanisms for ...
... example, a phosphate cannot be transferred to ADP from an ester phosphate -CH,O-(P) because the -CH,O- is a poor leaving group]. An obvious condition for a net ATP synthesis is that the phosphate group is previously transferred to the intermediate as inorganic phosphate ; the possible mechanisms for ...
Teacher`s Guide - Macmillan/McGraw-Hill
... Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Permission is granted to reproduce the material contained herein on the condition that such materials be reproduced only for classroom use, be provided to students, teachers, and families without charge, and be used solely in conjun ...
... Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Permission is granted to reproduce the material contained herein on the condition that such materials be reproduced only for classroom use, be provided to students, teachers, and families without charge, and be used solely in conjun ...
Objectives 30 - u.arizona.edu
... • NADPH for lipogenesis is derived from malic enzyme and the pentose phosphate pathway • acetyl CoA carboxylase converts acetyl CoA to malonyl CoA in a biotinrequiring reaction • fatty acid synthase progressively adds two carbon units, from malonyl CoA, to a growing acyl chain to form the 16-carbon ...
... • NADPH for lipogenesis is derived from malic enzyme and the pentose phosphate pathway • acetyl CoA carboxylase converts acetyl CoA to malonyl CoA in a biotinrequiring reaction • fatty acid synthase progressively adds two carbon units, from malonyl CoA, to a growing acyl chain to form the 16-carbon ...
Grade 9 - mstworkbooks.co.za
... The cytosol is a mixture of different substances dissolved in water. Do you remember what a mixture is from Matter and Materials? These substances within the cytosol include salts, various elements, such as sodium and potassium, and more complex molecules, such as proteins. ...
... The cytosol is a mixture of different substances dissolved in water. Do you remember what a mixture is from Matter and Materials? These substances within the cytosol include salts, various elements, such as sodium and potassium, and more complex molecules, such as proteins. ...
Nature`s Palette: The Science of Plant Color
... write about the science and culture of plant color. By the science, I mean the physical and chemical explanations of colors, and the selective advantages they provide the plants in their natural environments. By the culture, I mean our aesthetic and emotional responses to plant colors, which have be ...
... write about the science and culture of plant color. By the science, I mean the physical and chemical explanations of colors, and the selective advantages they provide the plants in their natural environments. By the culture, I mean our aesthetic and emotional responses to plant colors, which have be ...
Details of the scope analysis for each organism
... Additional Figure S2. Autocatalytic synthesis of quinones in Escherichia coli (on minimal medium). Metabolites increasing the scope so that it includes quinones are bold faced. Dashed line indicate the step in which quinones are used. ...
... Additional Figure S2. Autocatalytic synthesis of quinones in Escherichia coli (on minimal medium). Metabolites increasing the scope so that it includes quinones are bold faced. Dashed line indicate the step in which quinones are used. ...
Respiratory System Review
... • The outer part of the balloon represents the parietal pleura, which lines the mediastinum, the diaphragm, and the thoracic wall. • Notice that the visceral and parietal pleurae are actually a continuation of the same membrane. • The water-filled space between the two layers represents the pleural ...
... • The outer part of the balloon represents the parietal pleura, which lines the mediastinum, the diaphragm, and the thoracic wall. • Notice that the visceral and parietal pleurae are actually a continuation of the same membrane. • The water-filled space between the two layers represents the pleural ...
Photosynthesis
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Photosynthesis.gif?width=300)
Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy, normally from the Sun, into chemical energy that can be later released to fuel the organisms' activities. This chemical energy is stored in carbohydrate molecules, such as sugars, which are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water – hence the name photosynthesis, from the Greek φῶς, phōs, ""light"", and σύνθεσις, synthesis, ""putting together"". In most cases, oxygen is also released as a waste product. Most plants, most algae, and cyanobacteria perform photosynthesis; such organisms are called photoautotrophs. Photosynthesis maintains atmospheric oxygen levels and supplies all of the organic compounds and most of the energy necessary for life on Earth.Although photosynthesis is performed differently by different species, the process always begins when energy from light is absorbed by proteins called reaction centres that contain green chlorophyll pigments. In plants, these proteins are held inside organelles called chloroplasts, which are most abundant in leaf cells, while in bacteria they are embedded in the plasma membrane. In these light-dependent reactions, some energy is used to strip electrons from suitable substances, such as water, producing oxygen gas. Furthermore, two further compounds are generated: reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the ""energy currency"" of cells.In plants, algae and cyanobacteria, sugars are produced by a subsequent sequence of light-independent reactions called the Calvin cycle, but some bacteria use different mechanisms, such as the reverse Krebs cycle. In the Calvin cycle, atmospheric carbon dioxide is incorporated into already existing organic carbon compounds, such as ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP). Using the ATP and NADPH produced by the light-dependent reactions, the resulting compounds are then reduced and removed to form further carbohydrates, such as glucose.The first photosynthetic organisms probably evolved early in the evolutionary history of life and most likely used reducing agents, such as hydrogen or hydrogen sulfide, as sources of electrons, rather than water. Cyanobacteria appeared later; the excess oxygen they produced contributed to the oxygen catastrophe, which rendered the evolution of complex life possible. Today, the average rate of energy capture by photosynthesis globally is approximately 130 terawatts, which is about three times the current power consumption of human civilization.Photosynthetic organisms also convert around 100–115 thousand million metric tonnes of carbon into biomass per year.