Classification of Plants
... Plants can be classified according to where they live or what their stem type is. They can also be classified according to how they grow, that is, do they grow tall or stay close to the ground? Do they crawl or creep? Knowing where plants live makes it easier for us to find certain plants, especiall ...
... Plants can be classified according to where they live or what their stem type is. They can also be classified according to how they grow, that is, do they grow tall or stay close to the ground? Do they crawl or creep? Knowing where plants live makes it easier for us to find certain plants, especiall ...
Regulation of Respiration and Fermentation to
... concentrations fell to very low levels that were close to zero. This shows that plant internal oxygen concentrations respond very sensitively to changes in metabolic activities. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Glycolysis is part of the central backbone of primary carbohydrate meta ...
... concentrations fell to very low levels that were close to zero. This shows that plant internal oxygen concentrations respond very sensitively to changes in metabolic activities. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Glycolysis is part of the central backbone of primary carbohydrate meta ...
Glycolysis - Oregon State University
... The aldolase reaction puts together pieces so A fructose molecule is made with two phosphates in tow Metabolic Melody gluconeogenesis liver’s specialty And one of Oh these gets cleaved offis by a fructose phosphatase Producing sugar foracting the body most admirably (slow) Unless F2,6BP's blocking p ...
... The aldolase reaction puts together pieces so A fructose molecule is made with two phosphates in tow Metabolic Melody gluconeogenesis liver’s specialty And one of Oh these gets cleaved offis by a fructose phosphatase Producing sugar foracting the body most admirably (slow) Unless F2,6BP's blocking p ...
This article is dedicated to Professor AL
... of anaerobic treatment at 20 °C. Anaerobic incubation of rice roots at 32 and 42 °C resulted in marked mitochondrial destruction after only 60 and 30 min, respectively (Vartapetian et al., 1972). Under aerobic conditions no destructive changes in ultrastructure of rice mitochondria were observed, ev ...
... of anaerobic treatment at 20 °C. Anaerobic incubation of rice roots at 32 and 42 °C resulted in marked mitochondrial destruction after only 60 and 30 min, respectively (Vartapetian et al., 1972). Under aerobic conditions no destructive changes in ultrastructure of rice mitochondria were observed, ev ...
Allocation, stress tolerance and carbon transport
... This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. ...
... This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. ...
The Biochemical Machinery of Plastid Envelope
... Moléculaire et Structurale, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique-Grenoble, 38054 Grenoble-cedex 9, France Plastids are semiautonomous organelles with a wide structural and functional diversity and unique biochemical pathways. As such, they are able to transcribe and translate the information present ...
... Moléculaire et Structurale, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique-Grenoble, 38054 Grenoble-cedex 9, France Plastids are semiautonomous organelles with a wide structural and functional diversity and unique biochemical pathways. As such, they are able to transcribe and translate the information present ...
Growth and carbon accumulation in root systems of Pinus
... secondary roots and primary roots. Secondary roots were operationally defined as roots showing an increase in diameter and continued development resulting in the formation of woody roots. Primary roots showed no increase in diameter (often < 1 mm in diameter) and remained unlignified or nonwoody. Du ...
... secondary roots and primary roots. Secondary roots were operationally defined as roots showing an increase in diameter and continued development resulting in the formation of woody roots. Primary roots showed no increase in diameter (often < 1 mm in diameter) and remained unlignified or nonwoody. Du ...
22. pyruvate oxidation and citric acid cycle
... The most nearly universal pathway for aerobic metabolism is the cyclic series of reactions, termed citric acid cycle (CAC) or Krebs cycle. The first name has been applied because citric acid (Fig. 22–4) is the first intermediate formed in this cycle. The second name has been given in honour of its m ...
... The most nearly universal pathway for aerobic metabolism is the cyclic series of reactions, termed citric acid cycle (CAC) or Krebs cycle. The first name has been applied because citric acid (Fig. 22–4) is the first intermediate formed in this cycle. The second name has been given in honour of its m ...
pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
... • TCA cycle (a.k.a Krebs cycle or citric acid cycle) plays several roles in metabolism • It is the final pathway where oxidative metabolism of CHO’s, aa’s & fatty acids converge, their C skeletons being converted to CO2 & H2O. This oxidation provides energy for production of majority of ATP. • The c ...
... • TCA cycle (a.k.a Krebs cycle or citric acid cycle) plays several roles in metabolism • It is the final pathway where oxidative metabolism of CHO’s, aa’s & fatty acids converge, their C skeletons being converted to CO2 & H2O. This oxidation provides energy for production of majority of ATP. • The c ...
Leaf
... It is a thin dorsi-ventrally flattened organ borne above ground have distinct upper (adaxial) and lower (abaxial) part Composed of chloroplast and green in color Specialized for photosynthesis and other physiological activities Contains stomata which control gaseous exchange and transpiratio ...
... It is a thin dorsi-ventrally flattened organ borne above ground have distinct upper (adaxial) and lower (abaxial) part Composed of chloroplast and green in color Specialized for photosynthesis and other physiological activities Contains stomata which control gaseous exchange and transpiratio ...
Anaerobic respiration with elemental sulfur and with disulfides
... Anaerobic respiration with elemental sulfur/polysulfide or organic disulfides is performed by several bacteria and archaea, but has only been investigated in a few organisms in detail. The electron transport chain that catalyzes polysulfide reduction in the Gram-negative bacterium Wolinella succinog ...
... Anaerobic respiration with elemental sulfur/polysulfide or organic disulfides is performed by several bacteria and archaea, but has only been investigated in a few organisms in detail. The electron transport chain that catalyzes polysulfide reduction in the Gram-negative bacterium Wolinella succinog ...
Carbohydrate Metabolism
... converts it to pyruvate. In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to lactate. When oxygen is present, pyruvate is further degraded to form acetyl-CoA. Significant amounts of energy in the form of ATP can be extracted from acetyl-CoA by the citric acid cycle and the electron transport system. ...
... converts it to pyruvate. In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to lactate. When oxygen is present, pyruvate is further degraded to form acetyl-CoA. Significant amounts of energy in the form of ATP can be extracted from acetyl-CoA by the citric acid cycle and the electron transport system. ...
Karbohidrat Metabolizması
... PEP Carboxykinase catalyzes GTP-dependent oxaloacetate PEP. It is thought to proceed in 2 steps: Oxaloacetate is first decarboxylated to yield a pyruvate enolate anion intermediate. This is phosphorylated by phosphate transfer from GTP. A metal ion such as Mn++ is required, in addition to Mg++ ass ...
... PEP Carboxykinase catalyzes GTP-dependent oxaloacetate PEP. It is thought to proceed in 2 steps: Oxaloacetate is first decarboxylated to yield a pyruvate enolate anion intermediate. This is phosphorylated by phosphate transfer from GTP. A metal ion such as Mn++ is required, in addition to Mg++ ass ...
20 Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle
... biosynthetic reactions, the carbons of oxaloacetate must be replaced by anaplerotic (filling up) reactions, such as the pyruvate carboxylase reaction. The TCA cycle occurs in the mitochondrion, where its flux is tightly coordinated with the rate of the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphor ...
... biosynthetic reactions, the carbons of oxaloacetate must be replaced by anaplerotic (filling up) reactions, such as the pyruvate carboxylase reaction. The TCA cycle occurs in the mitochondrion, where its flux is tightly coordinated with the rate of the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphor ...
Unit 2 Homework Booklet [pdf 5MB]
... (i) In this pathway, a form of end-product inhibition occurs in which increasing cholesterol promotes the destruction of HMG-CoA reductase. Describe how end-product inhibition would be achieved if the enzyme was allosteric. _____________________________________________________________________ ______ ...
... (i) In this pathway, a form of end-product inhibition occurs in which increasing cholesterol promotes the destruction of HMG-CoA reductase. Describe how end-product inhibition would be achieved if the enzyme was allosteric. _____________________________________________________________________ ______ ...
Enzyme Mechanisms
... its significance as an energy currency It’s one of two energy-rich products of the conversion of light energy into chemical energy in phototrophs ATP then provides drivers for almost everything else other than redox ...
... its significance as an energy currency It’s one of two energy-rich products of the conversion of light energy into chemical energy in phototrophs ATP then provides drivers for almost everything else other than redox ...
Chapter 14 Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis, and the Pentose
... phosphate was exhausted, fermentation ceased before all the glucose was used. (2) During fermentation under these conditions, ethanol, CO2, and a hexose bisphosphate accumulated. (3) When arsenate was substituted for phosphate, no hexose bisphosphate accumulated, but the fermentation proceeded until ...
... phosphate was exhausted, fermentation ceased before all the glucose was used. (2) During fermentation under these conditions, ethanol, CO2, and a hexose bisphosphate accumulated. (3) When arsenate was substituted for phosphate, no hexose bisphosphate accumulated, but the fermentation proceeded until ...
Variation in the link between oxygen consumption and ATP
... energy metabolism is rarely specified. The broad concept of metabolism includes all anabolic and catabolic reactions within an organism, and consequently covers all processes associated with obtaining, assimilating, transforming and allocating resources. The term ‘oxygen consumption rate’ is usually ...
... energy metabolism is rarely specified. The broad concept of metabolism includes all anabolic and catabolic reactions within an organism, and consequently covers all processes associated with obtaining, assimilating, transforming and allocating resources. The term ‘oxygen consumption rate’ is usually ...
What Is a Plant?
... ESS2: Natural selection and its evolutionary consequences provide a scientific explanation for the fossil record of ancient life forms as well as for the striking molecular similarities observed among the diverse species of living organisms. ...
... ESS2: Natural selection and its evolutionary consequences provide a scientific explanation for the fossil record of ancient life forms as well as for the striking molecular similarities observed among the diverse species of living organisms. ...
Regio- and Enantioselective Alkane Hydroxylation with Engineered Cytochromes P450 BM-3 Peter Meinhold,
... The shuffled gene library was transformed into E. coli (DH5R) competent cells, where the enzymes were overexpressed. Aliquots of the cell-free extracts from individual clones were transferred to 96-well plates, where NADPH consumption was monitored in the presence of propane. Positive clones were gr ...
... The shuffled gene library was transformed into E. coli (DH5R) competent cells, where the enzymes were overexpressed. Aliquots of the cell-free extracts from individual clones were transferred to 96-well plates, where NADPH consumption was monitored in the presence of propane. Positive clones were gr ...
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy, normally from the Sun, into chemical energy that can be later released to fuel the organisms' activities. This chemical energy is stored in carbohydrate molecules, such as sugars, which are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water – hence the name photosynthesis, from the Greek φῶς, phōs, ""light"", and σύνθεσις, synthesis, ""putting together"". In most cases, oxygen is also released as a waste product. Most plants, most algae, and cyanobacteria perform photosynthesis; such organisms are called photoautotrophs. Photosynthesis maintains atmospheric oxygen levels and supplies all of the organic compounds and most of the energy necessary for life on Earth.Although photosynthesis is performed differently by different species, the process always begins when energy from light is absorbed by proteins called reaction centres that contain green chlorophyll pigments. In plants, these proteins are held inside organelles called chloroplasts, which are most abundant in leaf cells, while in bacteria they are embedded in the plasma membrane. In these light-dependent reactions, some energy is used to strip electrons from suitable substances, such as water, producing oxygen gas. Furthermore, two further compounds are generated: reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the ""energy currency"" of cells.In plants, algae and cyanobacteria, sugars are produced by a subsequent sequence of light-independent reactions called the Calvin cycle, but some bacteria use different mechanisms, such as the reverse Krebs cycle. In the Calvin cycle, atmospheric carbon dioxide is incorporated into already existing organic carbon compounds, such as ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP). Using the ATP and NADPH produced by the light-dependent reactions, the resulting compounds are then reduced and removed to form further carbohydrates, such as glucose.The first photosynthetic organisms probably evolved early in the evolutionary history of life and most likely used reducing agents, such as hydrogen or hydrogen sulfide, as sources of electrons, rather than water. Cyanobacteria appeared later; the excess oxygen they produced contributed to the oxygen catastrophe, which rendered the evolution of complex life possible. Today, the average rate of energy capture by photosynthesis globally is approximately 130 terawatts, which is about three times the current power consumption of human civilization.Photosynthetic organisms also convert around 100–115 thousand million metric tonnes of carbon into biomass per year.