The Biology of Lakes and Ponds
... are water-filled only during part of the year or perhaps even only during especially wet years. We also find standing waterbodies in all climatic zones, from Arctic regions where lakes are ice-covered during most of the year, to the tropical regions that experience high temperatures year-round. Of cou ...
... are water-filled only during part of the year or perhaps even only during especially wet years. We also find standing waterbodies in all climatic zones, from Arctic regions where lakes are ice-covered during most of the year, to the tropical regions that experience high temperatures year-round. Of cou ...
Mechanism of CS, Cont`d
... • PDH complex is a noncovalent assembly of three different enzymes operating in concert to catalyze successive steps in the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA • The active sites of all three enzymes are not far removed from one another, and the product of the first enzyme is passed directly to the ...
... • PDH complex is a noncovalent assembly of three different enzymes operating in concert to catalyze successive steps in the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA • The active sites of all three enzymes are not far removed from one another, and the product of the first enzyme is passed directly to the ...
Part 5 Coenzyme-Dependent Enzyme Mechansims
... • PDH complex is a noncovalent assembly of three different enzymes operating in concert to catalyze successive steps in the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA • The active sites of all three enzymes are not far removed from one another, and the product of the first enzyme is passed directly to the ...
... • PDH complex is a noncovalent assembly of three different enzymes operating in concert to catalyze successive steps in the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA • The active sites of all three enzymes are not far removed from one another, and the product of the first enzyme is passed directly to the ...
Suppression of chloroplastic alkenal/one
... or respiration is less clear in vivo. As a result, the physiological importance of the detoxification of ...
... or respiration is less clear in vivo. As a result, the physiological importance of the detoxification of ...
Carbon and electron flow in Clostridium butyricum
... be accomplished by stimulating H, production. Surprisingly, the reducing power is not used to form H,, but rather a more reduced compound, 1,3-PD. The concentrations of the fermentation end-products have been extensively studied in C. but_yriczlm(Biebl, 1991; Biebl e t al. , 1992 ; Gunzel, 1991 ; Gu ...
... be accomplished by stimulating H, production. Surprisingly, the reducing power is not used to form H,, but rather a more reduced compound, 1,3-PD. The concentrations of the fermentation end-products have been extensively studied in C. but_yriczlm(Biebl, 1991; Biebl e t al. , 1992 ; Gunzel, 1991 ; Gu ...
chapter 15: answers to selected problems
... is reasonable, because the citric acid cycle must convert citrate ion into oxaloacetate ion. Citrate ion contains six carbon atoms and oxaloacetate ion contains only four, so the citric acid cycle must remove two carbon atoms from the original citrate skeleton. 15.29 There are four oxidation steps i ...
... is reasonable, because the citric acid cycle must convert citrate ion into oxaloacetate ion. Citrate ion contains six carbon atoms and oxaloacetate ion contains only four, so the citric acid cycle must remove two carbon atoms from the original citrate skeleton. 15.29 There are four oxidation steps i ...
7 rounds of beta oxidation
... Fatty acids (FA) from the diet or from the degradation of triglycerides stored in adipose cells are broken down further to smaller molecules to completely metabolize them and therefore release energy. This process of catabolism of FA includes three major parts: ...
... Fatty acids (FA) from the diet or from the degradation of triglycerides stored in adipose cells are broken down further to smaller molecules to completely metabolize them and therefore release energy. This process of catabolism of FA includes three major parts: ...
(pdf)
... and high CO2 conditions. After approximately 3 d of incubation, the biomass of HAPTO4 prymnesiophytes (hereafter referred to as prymnesiophytes) was significantly higher in the low CO2 incubations relative to high CO2 samples (t-test, p < 0.05), whereas diatom biomass was slightly (but not significa ...
... and high CO2 conditions. After approximately 3 d of incubation, the biomass of HAPTO4 prymnesiophytes (hereafter referred to as prymnesiophytes) was significantly higher in the low CO2 incubations relative to high CO2 samples (t-test, p < 0.05), whereas diatom biomass was slightly (but not significa ...
Reading and Writing in Science - Macmillan/McGraw-Hill
... A(n) organelle that controls all of the activity of the cell. ...
... A(n) organelle that controls all of the activity of the cell. ...
The Ecophysiology of Foliar Anthocyanin D C. C C
... Three well-characterized mechanisms, the xanthophyll cycle, antioxidant activity, and external foliar waxes, contribute to photoprotection across plant species. The xanthophyll cycle is ubiquitous in higher plants (Müller et al., 2001). In this cycle, two carotenoids, zeaxanthin and antheraxanthin, ...
... Three well-characterized mechanisms, the xanthophyll cycle, antioxidant activity, and external foliar waxes, contribute to photoprotection across plant species. The xanthophyll cycle is ubiquitous in higher plants (Müller et al., 2001). In this cycle, two carotenoids, zeaxanthin and antheraxanthin, ...
Review of N and Metal co-Doped TiO for Water Purification under
... On the contrary, oxygen molecule (O2) as an efficient electron acceptor is reduced by the electron in the CB to produce reactive superoxide radical anions (O2•−) that can enter into a chain reaction to yield a host of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as HO2• and H2O2, which eventually could conver ...
... On the contrary, oxygen molecule (O2) as an efficient electron acceptor is reduced by the electron in the CB to produce reactive superoxide radical anions (O2•−) that can enter into a chain reaction to yield a host of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as HO2• and H2O2, which eventually could conver ...
Protists and Fungi
... An amoeba’s method of getting food is shown in FIGURE 2.2. Ingestion takes place by the process of phagocytosis. Recall that phagocytosis is the engulfing of solid material by a cell. The amoeba surrounds the food with its pseudopod, and the outer membrane of the amoeba then forms a food vacuole, ...
... An amoeba’s method of getting food is shown in FIGURE 2.2. Ingestion takes place by the process of phagocytosis. Recall that phagocytosis is the engulfing of solid material by a cell. The amoeba surrounds the food with its pseudopod, and the outer membrane of the amoeba then forms a food vacuole, ...
15 Respiration
... and the volume of their container is as follows: An increase in the volume of the container decreases the pressure of the gas, whereas a decrease in the container volume increases the pressure. It is essential to recognize the correct causal sequences in ventilation: During inspiration and expiratio ...
... and the volume of their container is as follows: An increase in the volume of the container decreases the pressure of the gas, whereas a decrease in the container volume increases the pressure. It is essential to recognize the correct causal sequences in ventilation: During inspiration and expiratio ...
Adenosine triphosphate - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
... is ionized and exists mostly as ATP4−, with a small proportion of ATP3−.[18] As ATP has several negatively charged groups in neutral solution, it can chelate metals with very high affinity. The binding constant for various metal ions are (given as per mole) as Mg2+ (9 554), Na+ (13), Ca2+ (3 722), K ...
... is ionized and exists mostly as ATP4−, with a small proportion of ATP3−.[18] As ATP has several negatively charged groups in neutral solution, it can chelate metals with very high affinity. The binding constant for various metal ions are (given as per mole) as Mg2+ (9 554), Na+ (13), Ca2+ (3 722), K ...
PPT - Chris Anthony
... Other amine oxidising enzymes Methylamine oxidase (Amine oxidase) In Arthrobacter P1 CH3NH2 + O2 + H2O ...
... Other amine oxidising enzymes Methylamine oxidase (Amine oxidase) In Arthrobacter P1 CH3NH2 + O2 + H2O ...
Physiology of Woody Plants, Third Edition
... of woody plants. This volume was written for use as a text by students and as a reference for researchers and practitioners who need to understand how woody plants grow. For all who use the book, it affords a comprehensive overview of woody plant physiology and a doorway to the literature for numero ...
... of woody plants. This volume was written for use as a text by students and as a reference for researchers and practitioners who need to understand how woody plants grow. For all who use the book, it affords a comprehensive overview of woody plant physiology and a doorway to the literature for numero ...
physiology of woody plants - Roberto Cezar | Fisiologista Vegetal
... of woody plants. This volume was written for use as a text by students and as a reference for researchers and practitioners who need to understand how woody plants grow. For all who use the book, it affords a comprehensive overview of woody plant physiology and a doorway to the literature for numero ...
... of woody plants. This volume was written for use as a text by students and as a reference for researchers and practitioners who need to understand how woody plants grow. For all who use the book, it affords a comprehensive overview of woody plant physiology and a doorway to the literature for numero ...
Transport proteins regulate the flux of metabolites and cofactors
... and the main route for NADH regeneration is enabled via the not yet molecularly identified oxaloacetate (OAA)–malate (Mal) shuttle system. ...
... and the main route for NADH regeneration is enabled via the not yet molecularly identified oxaloacetate (OAA)–malate (Mal) shuttle system. ...
Metabolism
... smaller polysaccharides (dextrins), maltose, and some glucose. • In the small intestine, pancreatic amylase hydrolyzes dextrins to maltose and glucose. • The disaccharides maltose, lactose, and sucrose are hydrolyzed to monosaccharides. • The monosaccharides enter the bloodstream for transport to th ...
... smaller polysaccharides (dextrins), maltose, and some glucose. • In the small intestine, pancreatic amylase hydrolyzes dextrins to maltose and glucose. • The disaccharides maltose, lactose, and sucrose are hydrolyzed to monosaccharides. • The monosaccharides enter the bloodstream for transport to th ...
13synthesis
... Regulation of F.A synthesis and degradation - The reaction catalyzed by acetyl CoA carboxylase is the rate limiting step. - Palmitoyl CoA : -ve feed back in the biosynthesis, it inhibits the carboxylase enzyme. - When mitochondrial acetyl CoA + ATP increase increase production of citrate which tran ...
... Regulation of F.A synthesis and degradation - The reaction catalyzed by acetyl CoA carboxylase is the rate limiting step. - Palmitoyl CoA : -ve feed back in the biosynthesis, it inhibits the carboxylase enzyme. - When mitochondrial acetyl CoA + ATP increase increase production of citrate which tran ...
Loss of Starch Granule Initiation Has a
... Plants were cultivated in controlled conditions under different photoregimes: long day (LD; 16 h of light/8 h of dark), short day (SD; 8 h of light/16 h of dark), and continuous light (LL), and their growth was documented by photographs of 21-d-old plants (Fig. 2) and by a time course of the growth ...
... Plants were cultivated in controlled conditions under different photoregimes: long day (LD; 16 h of light/8 h of dark), short day (SD; 8 h of light/16 h of dark), and continuous light (LL), and their growth was documented by photographs of 21-d-old plants (Fig. 2) and by a time course of the growth ...
Biosynthesis of glucose – gluconeogenesis
... that readily available from glycogen is approximately 190 g. During period of fasting glycogen in liver is mobilized but it only lasts 12 to 24 hours and this source of glucose may not fulfill metabolic need. During a longer period of starvation organism must synthesize glucose from smaller noncarbo ...
... that readily available from glycogen is approximately 190 g. During period of fasting glycogen in liver is mobilized but it only lasts 12 to 24 hours and this source of glucose may not fulfill metabolic need. During a longer period of starvation organism must synthesize glucose from smaller noncarbo ...
Proton-Coupled Electron Flow in Protein Redox Machines
... bonds, hydrogen bonds, and through-space jumps. More elaborate computational protocols also have shed light on the factors that determine distant coupling in proteins.18,59-61 ...
... bonds, hydrogen bonds, and through-space jumps. More elaborate computational protocols also have shed light on the factors that determine distant coupling in proteins.18,59-61 ...
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy, normally from the Sun, into chemical energy that can be later released to fuel the organisms' activities. This chemical energy is stored in carbohydrate molecules, such as sugars, which are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water – hence the name photosynthesis, from the Greek φῶς, phōs, ""light"", and σύνθεσις, synthesis, ""putting together"". In most cases, oxygen is also released as a waste product. Most plants, most algae, and cyanobacteria perform photosynthesis; such organisms are called photoautotrophs. Photosynthesis maintains atmospheric oxygen levels and supplies all of the organic compounds and most of the energy necessary for life on Earth.Although photosynthesis is performed differently by different species, the process always begins when energy from light is absorbed by proteins called reaction centres that contain green chlorophyll pigments. In plants, these proteins are held inside organelles called chloroplasts, which are most abundant in leaf cells, while in bacteria they are embedded in the plasma membrane. In these light-dependent reactions, some energy is used to strip electrons from suitable substances, such as water, producing oxygen gas. Furthermore, two further compounds are generated: reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the ""energy currency"" of cells.In plants, algae and cyanobacteria, sugars are produced by a subsequent sequence of light-independent reactions called the Calvin cycle, but some bacteria use different mechanisms, such as the reverse Krebs cycle. In the Calvin cycle, atmospheric carbon dioxide is incorporated into already existing organic carbon compounds, such as ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP). Using the ATP and NADPH produced by the light-dependent reactions, the resulting compounds are then reduced and removed to form further carbohydrates, such as glucose.The first photosynthetic organisms probably evolved early in the evolutionary history of life and most likely used reducing agents, such as hydrogen or hydrogen sulfide, as sources of electrons, rather than water. Cyanobacteria appeared later; the excess oxygen they produced contributed to the oxygen catastrophe, which rendered the evolution of complex life possible. Today, the average rate of energy capture by photosynthesis globally is approximately 130 terawatts, which is about three times the current power consumption of human civilization.Photosynthetic organisms also convert around 100–115 thousand million metric tonnes of carbon into biomass per year.