glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and the pentose phosphate pathway
... by a large net decrease in free energy. At the actual intracellular concentrations of ATP, ADP, and Pi (see Box 13–1) and of glucose and pyruvate, the energy released in glycolysis (with pyruvate as the end product) is recovered as ATP with an efficiency of more than 60%. Energy Remaining in Pyruvat ...
... by a large net decrease in free energy. At the actual intracellular concentrations of ATP, ADP, and Pi (see Box 13–1) and of glucose and pyruvate, the energy released in glycolysis (with pyruvate as the end product) is recovered as ATP with an efficiency of more than 60%. Energy Remaining in Pyruvat ...
Module 1. General principles of metabolism. Metabolism of
... 79. Ca++ or Mg++ are most likely to be part of ___________, while Zn++ or Fe++ are present in _______________. A. * Metal-activated enzymes; metalloenzymes B. Metalloenzymes; metal-activated enzymes C. Cofactors; coenzymes D. Coenzymes; cofactors E. Apoenzymes; holoenzymes 80. Conserved serine, hist ...
... 79. Ca++ or Mg++ are most likely to be part of ___________, while Zn++ or Fe++ are present in _______________. A. * Metal-activated enzymes; metalloenzymes B. Metalloenzymes; metal-activated enzymes C. Cofactors; coenzymes D. Coenzymes; cofactors E. Apoenzymes; holoenzymes 80. Conserved serine, hist ...
A new simple fluorimetric method to assay cytosolic ATP content
... 2001); interestingly, DWM-PUCP is activated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) (Pastore et al. 2000). Biochemical properties of PUCP, as well as distribution, regulation of gene expression, gene family and evolutionary aspects, have been reviewed by Vercesi et al. (2006). Moreover, the role of the UCP ...
... 2001); interestingly, DWM-PUCP is activated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) (Pastore et al. 2000). Biochemical properties of PUCP, as well as distribution, regulation of gene expression, gene family and evolutionary aspects, have been reviewed by Vercesi et al. (2006). Moreover, the role of the UCP ...
Module 2 General principles of metabolism. Мetabolism of carbohy
... C. * Interactions between polar functional groups on the substrate surface and hydrophobic amino acids in the enzyme’s substrate binding site. D. A and b E. A and c 71. Which of the following is characteristic of an enzyme catalyst? A. It positions reactants in the correct orientation B. It lowers t ...
... C. * Interactions between polar functional groups on the substrate surface and hydrophobic amino acids in the enzyme’s substrate binding site. D. A and b E. A and c 71. Which of the following is characteristic of an enzyme catalyst? A. It positions reactants in the correct orientation B. It lowers t ...
New insight into the photoheterotrophic growth of the
... rubrum strain S1H (ATCC 25903), hereafter named S1H, was used to study acetate assimilation under anaerobic and phototrophic conditions, in accordance with the requirements of the MELiSSA project. The S1H strain differs from the S1 type strain only in its lower sensitivity to growth inhibition by L- ...
... rubrum strain S1H (ATCC 25903), hereafter named S1H, was used to study acetate assimilation under anaerobic and phototrophic conditions, in accordance with the requirements of the MELiSSA project. The S1H strain differs from the S1 type strain only in its lower sensitivity to growth inhibition by L- ...
as a PDF
... or thymidine, although in some studies the changes in bacterial abundance and size are monitored. 2. The second approach is dilution culture, in which filter-sterilized water is reinoculated with a small amount of the native bacterial assemblage and the subsequent growth of these bacteria is monitor ...
... or thymidine, although in some studies the changes in bacterial abundance and size are monitored. 2. The second approach is dilution culture, in which filter-sterilized water is reinoculated with a small amount of the native bacterial assemblage and the subsequent growth of these bacteria is monitor ...
Glutathione Conjugation
... metabolism. MGST2 and 3 may contribute to drug metabolism, but also likely contribute to lipid peroxide metabolism, and hence protection from oxidative stress.! ...
... metabolism. MGST2 and 3 may contribute to drug metabolism, but also likely contribute to lipid peroxide metabolism, and hence protection from oxidative stress.! ...
Electron Transport Chains of Lactic Acid Bacteria
... extracellular electron acceptors, via an electron transport chain (ETC) that can generate a proton motive force (PMF). This is in contrast to fermentation, defined as the oxidation of organic compounds using endogenous electron acceptors that are usually catabolic intermediates of the same organic c ...
... extracellular electron acceptors, via an electron transport chain (ETC) that can generate a proton motive force (PMF). This is in contrast to fermentation, defined as the oxidation of organic compounds using endogenous electron acceptors that are usually catabolic intermediates of the same organic c ...
Sugar Metabolism in Yeasts: an Overview of Aerobic and Anaerobic
... briefly summarize the glycolytic pathway that constitutes the central block of hexose and disaccharide metabolism and that has been extensively revised during the last few years (for reviews see Gancedo and Serrano 1989; Richard 2003; Kruckeberg and Dickinson 2004). Once inside the cell, glucose is ...
... briefly summarize the glycolytic pathway that constitutes the central block of hexose and disaccharide metabolism and that has been extensively revised during the last few years (for reviews see Gancedo and Serrano 1989; Richard 2003; Kruckeberg and Dickinson 2004). Once inside the cell, glucose is ...
Cell-to-Cell and Long-Distance Trafficking of the Green Fluorescent
... Figure 4. GFP Fluorescence in Sink Leaves from AtSUC2 Promoter–GFP Arabidopsis Plants at Different Developmental Stages. (A) Red chlorophyll and yellowish green GFP fluorescence in a sink leaf (smaller leaf) and a leaf during the sink/source transition (larger leaf) after excitation with light of 45 ...
... Figure 4. GFP Fluorescence in Sink Leaves from AtSUC2 Promoter–GFP Arabidopsis Plants at Different Developmental Stages. (A) Red chlorophyll and yellowish green GFP fluorescence in a sink leaf (smaller leaf) and a leaf during the sink/source transition (larger leaf) after excitation with light of 45 ...
Metabolism of lactate and sugars by dairy propionibacteria: A
... ail the se applications, their metabolic activities play a critical role. A complete understanding of propionate fermentation and of the metabolic routes used is therefore necessary. Dairy propionibacteria have a complex metabolism and involves several cycles. Lactate or sugars utilisation yields py ...
... ail the se applications, their metabolic activities play a critical role. A complete understanding of propionate fermentation and of the metabolic routes used is therefore necessary. Dairy propionibacteria have a complex metabolism and involves several cycles. Lactate or sugars utilisation yields py ...
bacterial growth efficiency in natural aquatic
... or thymidine, although in some studies the changes in bacterial abundance and size are monitored. 2. The second approach is dilution culture, in which filter-sterilized water is reinoculated with a small amount of the native bacterial assemblage and the subsequent growth of these bacteria is monitor ...
... or thymidine, although in some studies the changes in bacterial abundance and size are monitored. 2. The second approach is dilution culture, in which filter-sterilized water is reinoculated with a small amount of the native bacterial assemblage and the subsequent growth of these bacteria is monitor ...
PLANT RESPONSE TO STRESS Zurich - Basel - ETH E
... Plants are sensitive organisms that cannot run away from unfavorable conditions. Given this fact, it is all the more fascinating to look at the vast variety of responses with which plants can react to an ever-changing environment. Over the past decade, our understanding of plant responses to environ ...
... Plants are sensitive organisms that cannot run away from unfavorable conditions. Given this fact, it is all the more fascinating to look at the vast variety of responses with which plants can react to an ever-changing environment. Over the past decade, our understanding of plant responses to environ ...
Methylobacterium extorquens AM1
... mimic a diauxic shift, which is a well-described mechanism of catabolic repression during mixed substrate conditions. Indeed, diauxic growth is based on an important genetic regulation phenomenon that was uncovered decades ago as a strategy for bacteria to address the availability of two substrates ...
... mimic a diauxic shift, which is a well-described mechanism of catabolic repression during mixed substrate conditions. Indeed, diauxic growth is based on an important genetic regulation phenomenon that was uncovered decades ago as a strategy for bacteria to address the availability of two substrates ...
Analysis of structural robustness of metabolic
... redundant than in H. influenzae. In these papers, the number of extreme pathways with the same overall stoichiometry (in terms of initial substrates and final products) is used as a measure of redundancy. A slightly different approach was suggested by Oancea [30] and Çakır et al. [31]. They assesse ...
... redundant than in H. influenzae. In these papers, the number of extreme pathways with the same overall stoichiometry (in terms of initial substrates and final products) is used as a measure of redundancy. A slightly different approach was suggested by Oancea [30] and Çakır et al. [31]. They assesse ...
11. Control of breathing
... The rostral and caudal areas are chemosensitive, while the intermediate zone is probably a junction through which information is sent from chemoreceptors to the more deeply situated respiratory centres. The central chemosensors react to the hydrogen ion concentration (cH+) in the extracellular flu ...
... The rostral and caudal areas are chemosensitive, while the intermediate zone is probably a junction through which information is sent from chemoreceptors to the more deeply situated respiratory centres. The central chemosensors react to the hydrogen ion concentration (cH+) in the extracellular flu ...
Bio 1305--Modern Concepts of Bioscience
... 9. Explain why ATP is required for the preparatory steps of glycolysis 10. Write a summary equation for glycolysis and describe where it occurs in the cell 11. Describe where pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl CoA, what molecules are produced, and how it links glycolysis to the Krebs cycle 12. Describe ...
... 9. Explain why ATP is required for the preparatory steps of glycolysis 10. Write a summary equation for glycolysis and describe where it occurs in the cell 11. Describe where pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl CoA, what molecules are produced, and how it links glycolysis to the Krebs cycle 12. Describe ...
Enzyme Properties
... Sugars with at least four carbons can readily interconvert between the openchain forms we have drawn and fivemembered(furanose) or six-membered (pyranose) ring forms in which the carbonyl oxygen becomes part of the ring There are no C=O bonds in the ring forms ...
... Sugars with at least four carbons can readily interconvert between the openchain forms we have drawn and fivemembered(furanose) or six-membered (pyranose) ring forms in which the carbonyl oxygen becomes part of the ring There are no C=O bonds in the ring forms ...
Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis
... enzymes that catalyze the transfer of a phosphoryl group from ATP to an acceptor. Hexokinase, then, catalyzes the transfer of a phosphoryl group from ATP to a variety of six-carbon sugars (hexoses), such as glucose and mannose. Hexokinase, as well as all other kinases, requires Mg2⫹ (or another diva ...
... enzymes that catalyze the transfer of a phosphoryl group from ATP to an acceptor. Hexokinase, then, catalyzes the transfer of a phosphoryl group from ATP to a variety of six-carbon sugars (hexoses), such as glucose and mannose. Hexokinase, as well as all other kinases, requires Mg2⫹ (or another diva ...
The regulation of leaf thickness in rice
... Figure 3 .16 (A) Stomatal density in mature Lf5 grown under HL and were transferred to LL at different developmental stages. (B) Stomatal complex size in mature Lf5 grown under HL and were transferred to LL at different developmental stages. (C) Epidermal cell file width in non-stomata-containing ...
... Figure 3 .16 (A) Stomatal density in mature Lf5 grown under HL and were transferred to LL at different developmental stages. (B) Stomatal complex size in mature Lf5 grown under HL and were transferred to LL at different developmental stages. (C) Epidermal cell file width in non-stomata-containing ...
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy, normally from the Sun, into chemical energy that can be later released to fuel the organisms' activities. This chemical energy is stored in carbohydrate molecules, such as sugars, which are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water – hence the name photosynthesis, from the Greek φῶς, phōs, ""light"", and σύνθεσις, synthesis, ""putting together"". In most cases, oxygen is also released as a waste product. Most plants, most algae, and cyanobacteria perform photosynthesis; such organisms are called photoautotrophs. Photosynthesis maintains atmospheric oxygen levels and supplies all of the organic compounds and most of the energy necessary for life on Earth.Although photosynthesis is performed differently by different species, the process always begins when energy from light is absorbed by proteins called reaction centres that contain green chlorophyll pigments. In plants, these proteins are held inside organelles called chloroplasts, which are most abundant in leaf cells, while in bacteria they are embedded in the plasma membrane. In these light-dependent reactions, some energy is used to strip electrons from suitable substances, such as water, producing oxygen gas. Furthermore, two further compounds are generated: reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the ""energy currency"" of cells.In plants, algae and cyanobacteria, sugars are produced by a subsequent sequence of light-independent reactions called the Calvin cycle, but some bacteria use different mechanisms, such as the reverse Krebs cycle. In the Calvin cycle, atmospheric carbon dioxide is incorporated into already existing organic carbon compounds, such as ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP). Using the ATP and NADPH produced by the light-dependent reactions, the resulting compounds are then reduced and removed to form further carbohydrates, such as glucose.The first photosynthetic organisms probably evolved early in the evolutionary history of life and most likely used reducing agents, such as hydrogen or hydrogen sulfide, as sources of electrons, rather than water. Cyanobacteria appeared later; the excess oxygen they produced contributed to the oxygen catastrophe, which rendered the evolution of complex life possible. Today, the average rate of energy capture by photosynthesis globally is approximately 130 terawatts, which is about three times the current power consumption of human civilization.Photosynthetic organisms also convert around 100–115 thousand million metric tonnes of carbon into biomass per year.