Amino Acid Catabolism: C
... Histidine is first converted to glutamate. The last step in this pathway involves the cofactor tetrahydrofolate. Tetrahydrofolate (THF), which has a pteridine ring, is a reduced form of the B vitamin folate. Within a cell, THF has an attached chain of several glutamate residues, linked to one anothe ...
... Histidine is first converted to glutamate. The last step in this pathway involves the cofactor tetrahydrofolate. Tetrahydrofolate (THF), which has a pteridine ring, is a reduced form of the B vitamin folate. Within a cell, THF has an attached chain of several glutamate residues, linked to one anothe ...
Name…………………………………………………
... Name the spore producing structures in a) Bryophytes. (1mk) *BND* b) Pteridophytes (1mk) *BND* a) During which phase of meiosis does crossing over occur. (1mk) *BND* b) How do identical and fraternal twins arise? (4mks) *BND* (i) Identical twins (ii) Fraternal twins a) Account for the loss in dry we ...
... Name the spore producing structures in a) Bryophytes. (1mk) *BND* b) Pteridophytes (1mk) *BND* a) During which phase of meiosis does crossing over occur. (1mk) *BND* b) How do identical and fraternal twins arise? (4mks) *BND* (i) Identical twins (ii) Fraternal twins a) Account for the loss in dry we ...
Slide 1
... • Hormones like glucagon and epinephrine increase cAMP – FA synthesis slows – Triglycerides are broken down – FA’s enter b-oxidation faster ...
... • Hormones like glucagon and epinephrine increase cAMP – FA synthesis slows – Triglycerides are broken down – FA’s enter b-oxidation faster ...
NON-RADIOACTIVE ASSAY FOR ACETYL-CoA
... Figure 1. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase catalyzed reaction. Carboxylation of biotin carboxylase carrier protein (BCCP) is carried out by biotin carboxylase. Carboxyltransferase then ligates the carbon to acetyl-CoA, forming malonyl-CoA. of triacylglycerols (TAGs) and devoid of very-longchain fatty acids (B ...
... Figure 1. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase catalyzed reaction. Carboxylation of biotin carboxylase carrier protein (BCCP) is carried out by biotin carboxylase. Carboxyltransferase then ligates the carbon to acetyl-CoA, forming malonyl-CoA. of triacylglycerols (TAGs) and devoid of very-longchain fatty acids (B ...
16 Gluconeogenesis
... The long, flexible link between biotin and the enzyme enables the carboxybiotin to rotate from one active site of the enzyme (the ATP-bicarbonate site) to the other (the pyruvate site). The activated carboxyl group is then transferred from carboxybiotin to pyruvate to form oxaloacetate. ...
... The long, flexible link between biotin and the enzyme enables the carboxybiotin to rotate from one active site of the enzyme (the ATP-bicarbonate site) to the other (the pyruvate site). The activated carboxyl group is then transferred from carboxybiotin to pyruvate to form oxaloacetate. ...
STANDING CROP AND COMMUNITY STRUCTURE OF
... "standing crop" during a period of time as (a) - abundance -of plankton, (b) volume -of plankton, (c) ash~free dry weight, and (d) chlorophyll content of the water. ...
... "standing crop" during a period of time as (a) - abundance -of plankton, (b) volume -of plankton, (c) ash~free dry weight, and (d) chlorophyll content of the water. ...
Document
... • Fatty acids are activated to acyl CoA by thiokinases or acyl CoA synthetases • The reaction occurs in two steps and requires ATP, coenzyme A and Mg2+ • Fatty acid reacts with ATP to form acyladenylate which then combines with coenzyme A to produce acyl CoA. • Two high energy phosphates are utiliz ...
... • Fatty acids are activated to acyl CoA by thiokinases or acyl CoA synthetases • The reaction occurs in two steps and requires ATP, coenzyme A and Mg2+ • Fatty acid reacts with ATP to form acyladenylate which then combines with coenzyme A to produce acyl CoA. • Two high energy phosphates are utiliz ...
LipidMetabolism
... (d) Lowered probability of undesirable oxidations of metabolites (e) improved solubility of products Lipid Metabolism ...
... (d) Lowered probability of undesirable oxidations of metabolites (e) improved solubility of products Lipid Metabolism ...
Fat Metabolism
... • When there is not enough insulin in the blood and it must break down fat for its energy. • Ketones build up in the blood and then spill over into the urine so that the body can get rid of them. Acetone can be exhaled through the lungs. This gives the breath a fruity odor. Ketones that build up in ...
... • When there is not enough insulin in the blood and it must break down fat for its energy. • Ketones build up in the blood and then spill over into the urine so that the body can get rid of them. Acetone can be exhaled through the lungs. This gives the breath a fruity odor. Ketones that build up in ...
- Wiley Online Library
... which is provided by nitrate reduction or by ammonia oxidation in biological habitats (Fig. 1). Reduction of nitrite can be regarded as an assimilatory, respiratory or dissimilatory process [1]. Assimilatory nitrite reduction serves in the production of ammonia which is incorporated into cell materi ...
... which is provided by nitrate reduction or by ammonia oxidation in biological habitats (Fig. 1). Reduction of nitrite can be regarded as an assimilatory, respiratory or dissimilatory process [1]. Assimilatory nitrite reduction serves in the production of ammonia which is incorporated into cell materi ...
Section Summaries With IPC Review • Concise two
... from Integrated Physics and Chemistry (IPC) that will be tested on the TAKS, in grade 10 and grade 11. In addition, there are • vocabulary terms from IPC and • key formulas from IPC, with practice in using each of the formulas. Section Summaries A two-page summary for each chapter in Prentice Hall B ...
... from Integrated Physics and Chemistry (IPC) that will be tested on the TAKS, in grade 10 and grade 11. In addition, there are • vocabulary terms from IPC and • key formulas from IPC, with practice in using each of the formulas. Section Summaries A two-page summary for each chapter in Prentice Hall B ...
Assessments
... a guess about how or why something happens. a statement that describes what always happens under certain conditions in nature. an explanation for events that are generally accepted as true. ...
... a guess about how or why something happens. a statement that describes what always happens under certain conditions in nature. an explanation for events that are generally accepted as true. ...
Physiological aspects of the production and conversion of DMSP in
... Brunold, 1993). Dark uptake indicates that reducing power does not necessarily need to be derived from photosynthesis directly. It may continue at a rate comparable to that under illumination, depending on the physiological state of the cell and its light history. Because of the high sulphate concen ...
... Brunold, 1993). Dark uptake indicates that reducing power does not necessarily need to be derived from photosynthesis directly. It may continue at a rate comparable to that under illumination, depending on the physiological state of the cell and its light history. Because of the high sulphate concen ...
Edexcel International GCSE in Biology (4BI0)
... economic importance are not required) Plants: These are multicellular organisms; their cells contain chloroplasts and are able to carry out photosynthesis; their cells have cellulose cell walls; they store carbohydrates as starch or sucrose Examples include flowering plants, such as a cereal (for ex ...
... economic importance are not required) Plants: These are multicellular organisms; their cells contain chloroplasts and are able to carry out photosynthesis; their cells have cellulose cell walls; they store carbohydrates as starch or sucrose Examples include flowering plants, such as a cereal (for ex ...
Quantum entanglement in photosynthetic light harvesting complexes
... A commonly studied LHC is the Fenna-Matthews-Olson (FMO) protein from green sulfur bacteria, such as Chlorobium tepidum [21]. The FMO complex is a trimer formed by three identical monomers that each bind seven bacteriochlorophyll-a (BChla) molecules. We will restrict our study to a single monomer, w ...
... A commonly studied LHC is the Fenna-Matthews-Olson (FMO) protein from green sulfur bacteria, such as Chlorobium tepidum [21]. The FMO complex is a trimer formed by three identical monomers that each bind seven bacteriochlorophyll-a (BChla) molecules. We will restrict our study to a single monomer, w ...
Answer Key
... Explanation: Glucose and oxygen are the only products of photosynthesis. Plants use water, carbon dioxide, and energy from the Sun to produce glucose. Oxygen is given out during this process. ...
... Explanation: Glucose and oxygen are the only products of photosynthesis. Plants use water, carbon dioxide, and energy from the Sun to produce glucose. Oxygen is given out during this process. ...
Contents - Elsevier
... two flavoproteins may operate at very different potentials even when they are physically close together. Why are there two pyridine nucleotides, NAD+ and NADP+, differing only in the presence or absence of an extra phosphate group? One important answer is that they are members of two different oxida ...
... two flavoproteins may operate at very different potentials even when they are physically close together. Why are there two pyridine nucleotides, NAD+ and NADP+, differing only in the presence or absence of an extra phosphate group? One important answer is that they are members of two different oxida ...
Chapter 4 General metabolism
... pyruvate bypass that involves the synthesis of acetyl-CoA through the concerted action of pyruvate decarboxylase, acetaldehyde dehydrogenase and acetyl CoA synthetase (Figure 4.3). These reactions followed by transport of the formed acetyl CoA to the mitochondria could in principle “by-pass” the act ...
... pyruvate bypass that involves the synthesis of acetyl-CoA through the concerted action of pyruvate decarboxylase, acetaldehyde dehydrogenase and acetyl CoA synthetase (Figure 4.3). These reactions followed by transport of the formed acetyl CoA to the mitochondria could in principle “by-pass” the act ...
Winners always win: growth of a wide range of plant species from
... strategies and physiological mechanisms, plants could show contrasting responses to shifts in CO2 concentration. For example, woody plant species invest a lot of their biomass in nonphotosynthetic stem tissue (Poorter et al. 2012b), so in early stages of development at low CO2, they might be outcomp ...
... strategies and physiological mechanisms, plants could show contrasting responses to shifts in CO2 concentration. For example, woody plant species invest a lot of their biomass in nonphotosynthetic stem tissue (Poorter et al. 2012b), so in early stages of development at low CO2, they might be outcomp ...
Acetyl CoA - WordPress.com
... of acetyl-CoA from pyruvate – what would accumulate? In cells that rely on glucose for fuel (do not use fats) – the energy that is provided when pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA is not generated Which cells in the body rely primarily on glucose for energy? Cells of the nervous system and heart, t ...
... of acetyl-CoA from pyruvate – what would accumulate? In cells that rely on glucose for fuel (do not use fats) – the energy that is provided when pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA is not generated Which cells in the body rely primarily on glucose for energy? Cells of the nervous system and heart, t ...
understanding oxygen therapy
... we need to perform daily tasks. Several organs help in getting oxygen to the cells where our bodies use it. The right and left lungs occupy most of the space within the rib cage. The rib cage protects vital organs including the lungs and the heart, which sits between the lungs. The trachea connects ...
... we need to perform daily tasks. Several organs help in getting oxygen to the cells where our bodies use it. The right and left lungs occupy most of the space within the rib cage. The rib cage protects vital organs including the lungs and the heart, which sits between the lungs. The trachea connects ...
The Chemistry and Evolution of Enzyme Function
... subclasses and exhibits great diversity. The current classification of isomerases in six subclasses reduces to two subclasses if the type of isomerism is considered. In addition, the separation of groups of isomerases sharing similar chemistry such as oxidosqualene cyclases and pseudouridine synthas ...
... subclasses and exhibits great diversity. The current classification of isomerases in six subclasses reduces to two subclasses if the type of isomerism is considered. In addition, the separation of groups of isomerases sharing similar chemistry such as oxidosqualene cyclases and pseudouridine synthas ...
Photobiological Aspects of the Mutualistic Association Between
... Until now, approximately 22 different MAAs have been identified in marine and freshwater organisms (Karentz et al. 1991; Dunlap and Shick 1998; Sommaruga and Garcia-Pichel 1999). The biogenesis of MAAs presumably originates in the shikimate pathway that is known to be only present in bacteria, fungi ...
... Until now, approximately 22 different MAAs have been identified in marine and freshwater organisms (Karentz et al. 1991; Dunlap and Shick 1998; Sommaruga and Garcia-Pichel 1999). The biogenesis of MAAs presumably originates in the shikimate pathway that is known to be only present in bacteria, fungi ...
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy, normally from the Sun, into chemical energy that can be later released to fuel the organisms' activities. This chemical energy is stored in carbohydrate molecules, such as sugars, which are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water – hence the name photosynthesis, from the Greek φῶς, phōs, ""light"", and σύνθεσις, synthesis, ""putting together"". In most cases, oxygen is also released as a waste product. Most plants, most algae, and cyanobacteria perform photosynthesis; such organisms are called photoautotrophs. Photosynthesis maintains atmospheric oxygen levels and supplies all of the organic compounds and most of the energy necessary for life on Earth.Although photosynthesis is performed differently by different species, the process always begins when energy from light is absorbed by proteins called reaction centres that contain green chlorophyll pigments. In plants, these proteins are held inside organelles called chloroplasts, which are most abundant in leaf cells, while in bacteria they are embedded in the plasma membrane. In these light-dependent reactions, some energy is used to strip electrons from suitable substances, such as water, producing oxygen gas. Furthermore, two further compounds are generated: reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the ""energy currency"" of cells.In plants, algae and cyanobacteria, sugars are produced by a subsequent sequence of light-independent reactions called the Calvin cycle, but some bacteria use different mechanisms, such as the reverse Krebs cycle. In the Calvin cycle, atmospheric carbon dioxide is incorporated into already existing organic carbon compounds, such as ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP). Using the ATP and NADPH produced by the light-dependent reactions, the resulting compounds are then reduced and removed to form further carbohydrates, such as glucose.The first photosynthetic organisms probably evolved early in the evolutionary history of life and most likely used reducing agents, such as hydrogen or hydrogen sulfide, as sources of electrons, rather than water. Cyanobacteria appeared later; the excess oxygen they produced contributed to the oxygen catastrophe, which rendered the evolution of complex life possible. Today, the average rate of energy capture by photosynthesis globally is approximately 130 terawatts, which is about three times the current power consumption of human civilization.Photosynthetic organisms also convert around 100–115 thousand million metric tonnes of carbon into biomass per year.