Sugar Synthesis from CO2 in Escherichia coli
... This scenario goes beyond previously described RuBisCOdependent strains (Gong et al., 2015; Mueller-Cajar and Whitney, 2008; Parikh et al., 2006; Zhuang and Li, 2013) by employing a fully functional autocatalytic CBB cycle in which, as in autotrophic organisms, CO2, ATP, and reducing power are the o ...
... This scenario goes beyond previously described RuBisCOdependent strains (Gong et al., 2015; Mueller-Cajar and Whitney, 2008; Parikh et al., 2006; Zhuang and Li, 2013) by employing a fully functional autocatalytic CBB cycle in which, as in autotrophic organisms, CO2, ATP, and reducing power are the o ...
video slide - Northwest Florida State College
... from one to another. 1) Everytime e moves from one enzyme to another, energy is released and used to make ATP b) ETC located in the inner membrane of eukaryotes 1) Plasma membrane in prokaryotes c) Oxygen is the final acceptor of e in ETC (making H2O) Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publish ...
... from one to another. 1) Everytime e moves from one enzyme to another, energy is released and used to make ATP b) ETC located in the inner membrane of eukaryotes 1) Plasma membrane in prokaryotes c) Oxygen is the final acceptor of e in ETC (making H2O) Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publish ...
Important Points for Revision-1
... alveoli. Some air remains in the nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi and bronchioles to avoid creating a vacuum. The air stays in the respiratory passageways, and it cannot be used by the body. People inhale and exhale approximately 7 or 8 liters of air each minute or 11,000 liters per day. 5 percent of ...
... alveoli. Some air remains in the nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi and bronchioles to avoid creating a vacuum. The air stays in the respiratory passageways, and it cannot be used by the body. People inhale and exhale approximately 7 or 8 liters of air each minute or 11,000 liters per day. 5 percent of ...
03-232 Biochemistry ... Name:________________________ or the back of the preceding page. In questions... Instructions:
... Choice B: Cholesterol keeps the membrane fluid, permitting conformational changes to occur in membrane enzymes and the diffusion of electron carriers, such as CoQ. Choice C: Both convert substrate to product. A soluble enzyme will typically cause a change in the chemical structure of the substrate. ...
... Choice B: Cholesterol keeps the membrane fluid, permitting conformational changes to occur in membrane enzymes and the diffusion of electron carriers, such as CoQ. Choice C: Both convert substrate to product. A soluble enzyme will typically cause a change in the chemical structure of the substrate. ...
Chapter 9
... • Aerobic respiration consumes organic molecules and O2 and yields ATP • Anaerobic respiration is similar to aerobic respiration but consumes compounds other than O2 ...
... • Aerobic respiration consumes organic molecules and O2 and yields ATP • Anaerobic respiration is similar to aerobic respiration but consumes compounds other than O2 ...
Lecture 33 - Carbohydrate Metabolism 1
... • The most important function of the pentose phosphate pathway is to reduce two molecules of NADP+ to NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) for each glucose-6-phosphate that is oxidatively decarboxylated to ribulose-5-phosphate. • NADPH is functionally similar to NAD+ however, NADPH is ...
... • The most important function of the pentose phosphate pathway is to reduce two molecules of NADP+ to NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) for each glucose-6-phosphate that is oxidatively decarboxylated to ribulose-5-phosphate. • NADPH is functionally similar to NAD+ however, NADPH is ...
Chapter 13
... – Direct UV light source at specimen – Specimen radiates energy back as a visible wavelength – UV light increases resolution and contrast – Some cells are naturally fluorescent; others must be stained – Used in immunofluorescence to identify pathogens and to make visible a variety of proteins ...
... – Direct UV light source at specimen – Specimen radiates energy back as a visible wavelength – UV light increases resolution and contrast – Some cells are naturally fluorescent; others must be stained – Used in immunofluorescence to identify pathogens and to make visible a variety of proteins ...
BioCore II lecture20-S2015
... Explain how a circular pathway, such as the citric acid cycle, fundamentally differs from a linear pathway, such as glycolysis Describe how pyruvate, the product of glycolysis, is prepared for entry into the citric acid cycle ...
... Explain how a circular pathway, such as the citric acid cycle, fundamentally differs from a linear pathway, such as glycolysis Describe how pyruvate, the product of glycolysis, is prepared for entry into the citric acid cycle ...
Culture Notes - Waitakere Orchid Club
... Light: Look at the colour of your foliage, a lush green colour indicates insufficient light and plants that are unlikely to flower, a light green – yellow coloured foliage is good, too much sun and plants will look terrible but will probably flower well, reaching a happy medium is the answer. You wi ...
... Light: Look at the colour of your foliage, a lush green colour indicates insufficient light and plants that are unlikely to flower, a light green – yellow coloured foliage is good, too much sun and plants will look terrible but will probably flower well, reaching a happy medium is the answer. You wi ...
lec32_F2015
... CoA is a central intermediate Anabolic role: TCA cycle provides starting material for fats and amino acids. Note: carbohydrates cannot be synthesized from acetyl-CoA by humans. PyruvateAcetyl CoA is one way! In contrast to glycolysis, none of the intermediates are phosphorylated; but all are ei ...
... CoA is a central intermediate Anabolic role: TCA cycle provides starting material for fats and amino acids. Note: carbohydrates cannot be synthesized from acetyl-CoA by humans. PyruvateAcetyl CoA is one way! In contrast to glycolysis, none of the intermediates are phosphorylated; but all are ei ...
PHARMACOGNOSTIC AND PHYTOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATION OF SIDA CORDIFOLIA L.-A THREATENED MEDICINAL HERB
... Sida cordifolia L. is commonly known as “Indian Ephedra”, Bala (Sanskrit), Hetthuti-gida (Kannada) and Country Mallow (English) is an important medicinal herb belongs to the family Malvaceae. The whole plant of Sida cordifolia is used as medicinal herb, because leaves contain small quantities of bot ...
... Sida cordifolia L. is commonly known as “Indian Ephedra”, Bala (Sanskrit), Hetthuti-gida (Kannada) and Country Mallow (English) is an important medicinal herb belongs to the family Malvaceae. The whole plant of Sida cordifolia is used as medicinal herb, because leaves contain small quantities of bot ...
Chapter 5- Metabolism of bacteria
... – Series of carrier molecules that pass electrons from one to another to final electron acceptor – Energy from electrons used to pump protons (H+) across the membrane, establishing a proton gradient – Located in cristae of eukaryotes and in cytoplasmic membrane of prokaryotes ...
... – Series of carrier molecules that pass electrons from one to another to final electron acceptor – Energy from electrons used to pump protons (H+) across the membrane, establishing a proton gradient – Located in cristae of eukaryotes and in cytoplasmic membrane of prokaryotes ...
Phosphorylation - Biology Junction
... Where did the O2 come from? Where did the CO2 come from? Where did the CO2 go? Where did the H2O come from? Where did the ATP come from? What else is produced that is not listed in this equation? Why do we breathe? AP Biology ...
... Where did the O2 come from? Where did the CO2 come from? Where did the CO2 go? Where did the H2O come from? Where did the ATP come from? What else is produced that is not listed in this equation? Why do we breathe? AP Biology ...
Life Cycle of Seedless Vascular Plants
... phototropism, or growing toward a light source. This response is controlled by a plant growth hormone called auxin. As shown in Figure 16.27, auxin stimulates cells on the dark side of a plant to grow longer. This causes the plant to bend toward the light. www.ck12.org ...
... phototropism, or growing toward a light source. This response is controlled by a plant growth hormone called auxin. As shown in Figure 16.27, auxin stimulates cells on the dark side of a plant to grow longer. This causes the plant to bend toward the light. www.ck12.org ...
PP - Columbia University
... products AT THE MOMENT BEING CONSIDERED. (i.e., these A, B, C, D’s here are not the equilibrium concentrations) ...
... products AT THE MOMENT BEING CONSIDERED. (i.e., these A, B, C, D’s here are not the equilibrium concentrations) ...
Drought-induced responses of photosynthesis and antioxidant
... Environmental stresses trigger a wide variety of plant responses, ranging from altered gene expression and cellular metabolism to changes in growth rates and crop yields. A plethora of plant reactions exist to circumvent the potentially harmful effects caused by a wide range of both abiotic and biot ...
... Environmental stresses trigger a wide variety of plant responses, ranging from altered gene expression and cellular metabolism to changes in growth rates and crop yields. A plethora of plant reactions exist to circumvent the potentially harmful effects caused by a wide range of both abiotic and biot ...
Level 2 past paper R2101 plant classification, structure and function
... Candidates who correctly identified the products of photosynthesis as oxygen, glucose/sugar/carbohydrate/starch were awarded full marks. Water was also accepted as a product of photosynthesis. Details of the process were not required. ...
... Candidates who correctly identified the products of photosynthesis as oxygen, glucose/sugar/carbohydrate/starch were awarded full marks. Water was also accepted as a product of photosynthesis. Details of the process were not required. ...
Chapter 20
... How do you identify the oxidizing agent and the reducing agent in a redox reaction? The species reduced is the oxidizing agent. The species oxidized is the reducing agent. ...
... How do you identify the oxidizing agent and the reducing agent in a redox reaction? The species reduced is the oxidizing agent. The species oxidized is the reducing agent. ...
Cellular Respiration
... Figure 7-1 shows that autotrophs and heterotrophs use cellular respiration to make carbon dioxide (CO2 ) and water from organic compounds and oxygen (O2 ). ATP is also produced during cellular respiration. Autotrophs then use the CO2 and water to produce O2 and organic compounds. Thus, the products ...
... Figure 7-1 shows that autotrophs and heterotrophs use cellular respiration to make carbon dioxide (CO2 ) and water from organic compounds and oxygen (O2 ). ATP is also produced during cellular respiration. Autotrophs then use the CO2 and water to produce O2 and organic compounds. Thus, the products ...
2 - ATP
... Cellular Respiration • A catabolic, exergonic, oxygen (O2) requiring process that uses energy extracted from macromolecules (glucose) to produce energy (ATP) and water (H2O). ...
... Cellular Respiration • A catabolic, exergonic, oxygen (O2) requiring process that uses energy extracted from macromolecules (glucose) to produce energy (ATP) and water (H2O). ...
Amino Acid Metabolism 1 Key Concepts
... reduced to NH3 (the ionized form of ammonia in solution is NH4+) by the process of nitrogen fixation, or oxidized to nitrate (NO3-) by atmospheric lightning, before it can be used by other liver organisms. Nitrogen fixation in nature is carried out by certain types of soil bacteria that live in both ...
... reduced to NH3 (the ionized form of ammonia in solution is NH4+) by the process of nitrogen fixation, or oxidized to nitrate (NO3-) by atmospheric lightning, before it can be used by other liver organisms. Nitrogen fixation in nature is carried out by certain types of soil bacteria that live in both ...
Document
... • NAD+ and FAD accept electrons and hydrogen from intermediates during the first two stages • When reduced, they are NADH and FADH2 • In the third stage, these coenzymes deliver the electrons and hydrogen to the transport system ...
... • NAD+ and FAD accept electrons and hydrogen from intermediates during the first two stages • When reduced, they are NADH and FADH2 • In the third stage, these coenzymes deliver the electrons and hydrogen to the transport system ...
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy, normally from the Sun, into chemical energy that can be later released to fuel the organisms' activities. This chemical energy is stored in carbohydrate molecules, such as sugars, which are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water – hence the name photosynthesis, from the Greek φῶς, phōs, ""light"", and σύνθεσις, synthesis, ""putting together"". In most cases, oxygen is also released as a waste product. Most plants, most algae, and cyanobacteria perform photosynthesis; such organisms are called photoautotrophs. Photosynthesis maintains atmospheric oxygen levels and supplies all of the organic compounds and most of the energy necessary for life on Earth.Although photosynthesis is performed differently by different species, the process always begins when energy from light is absorbed by proteins called reaction centres that contain green chlorophyll pigments. In plants, these proteins are held inside organelles called chloroplasts, which are most abundant in leaf cells, while in bacteria they are embedded in the plasma membrane. In these light-dependent reactions, some energy is used to strip electrons from suitable substances, such as water, producing oxygen gas. Furthermore, two further compounds are generated: reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the ""energy currency"" of cells.In plants, algae and cyanobacteria, sugars are produced by a subsequent sequence of light-independent reactions called the Calvin cycle, but some bacteria use different mechanisms, such as the reverse Krebs cycle. In the Calvin cycle, atmospheric carbon dioxide is incorporated into already existing organic carbon compounds, such as ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP). Using the ATP and NADPH produced by the light-dependent reactions, the resulting compounds are then reduced and removed to form further carbohydrates, such as glucose.The first photosynthetic organisms probably evolved early in the evolutionary history of life and most likely used reducing agents, such as hydrogen or hydrogen sulfide, as sources of electrons, rather than water. Cyanobacteria appeared later; the excess oxygen they produced contributed to the oxygen catastrophe, which rendered the evolution of complex life possible. Today, the average rate of energy capture by photosynthesis globally is approximately 130 terawatts, which is about three times the current power consumption of human civilization.Photosynthetic organisms also convert around 100–115 thousand million metric tonnes of carbon into biomass per year.