Lecture # 7 Pentose Phosphate Pathway
... – Nucleotide biosynthesis leading to: •DNA •RNA •Various cofactors (CoA, FAD, SAM, NAD+/NADP+). ...
... – Nucleotide biosynthesis leading to: •DNA •RNA •Various cofactors (CoA, FAD, SAM, NAD+/NADP+). ...
Identification of psbI and psbL gene products in cyanobacterial
... at 415 nm and at 539 nm as compared with those in the original core complex (fig.1). The 415 nm peak may be attributed to the Soret band absorption of both pheophytin and cytochrome b-559, while the 539 nm peak is due to pheophytin, as in the higher plant PS II reaction center complex [7]. Notably, ...
... at 415 nm and at 539 nm as compared with those in the original core complex (fig.1). The 415 nm peak may be attributed to the Soret band absorption of both pheophytin and cytochrome b-559, while the 539 nm peak is due to pheophytin, as in the higher plant PS II reaction center complex [7]. Notably, ...
Oxygen Radicals and Related Species
... two oxygen atoms in covalent bonds (O2). The characteristics of a covalent bond, such as strength, length and direction, depend on the occupied molecular orbitals. O2 is bound by two covalent bonds (Figure 1), and requires 402 kJ/mol to break into two oxygen atoms (O). This is roughly the amount of ...
... two oxygen atoms in covalent bonds (O2). The characteristics of a covalent bond, such as strength, length and direction, depend on the occupied molecular orbitals. O2 is bound by two covalent bonds (Figure 1), and requires 402 kJ/mol to break into two oxygen atoms (O). This is roughly the amount of ...
Anaerobic Respiration Gibb`s Free Energy PPT
... to NADH, forming lactate as an end product, with no release of CO2 • Lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt • Human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O2 is scarce ...
... to NADH, forming lactate as an end product, with no release of CO2 • Lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt • Human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O2 is scarce ...
Cell Energy - Kuliah FTSL
... • All energy is stored in the bonds of compounds— breaking the bond releases the energy ...
... • All energy is stored in the bonds of compounds— breaking the bond releases the energy ...
Activity 2: How Do Plants Get Food?
... In everyday life, people have lots of ways of thinking about what food is. When we think of food, we usually think about our own food -- not plants’ food. When we think about food for people, some people would say that food is different from drinks. They would say that juice is NOT a food, because y ...
... In everyday life, people have lots of ways of thinking about what food is. When we think of food, we usually think about our own food -- not plants’ food. When we think about food for people, some people would say that food is different from drinks. They would say that juice is NOT a food, because y ...
of Glycolysis
... (PEP). • 2PG converted to phosphoenolpyruvate • Enzyme‐‐‐Enolase. • Fluoride irreversibly inhibits the enzyme. • Step‐9‐ of Glycolysis ...
... (PEP). • 2PG converted to phosphoenolpyruvate • Enzyme‐‐‐Enolase. • Fluoride irreversibly inhibits the enzyme. • Step‐9‐ of Glycolysis ...
Cellular respiration
... Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
... Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
Citric Acid Cycle
... Electrons from these oxidation processes are then used to reduce oxygen to water with the concomitant formation of ATP. The unique structural aspects of mitochondria facilitate its energy-harvesting role. ...
... Electrons from these oxidation processes are then used to reduce oxygen to water with the concomitant formation of ATP. The unique structural aspects of mitochondria facilitate its energy-harvesting role. ...
RACC BIO Cellular respiration
... • If electron transfer is not stepwise – A large release of energy occurs – As in the reaction of hydrogen and oxygen to form water If cellular respiration took place in one step, all of the energy from glucose would be released at once, most of it would be in the form of heat and light. A living c ...
... • If electron transfer is not stepwise – A large release of energy occurs – As in the reaction of hydrogen and oxygen to form water If cellular respiration took place in one step, all of the energy from glucose would be released at once, most of it would be in the form of heat and light. A living c ...
Phase-I metabolism
... Oxidative Phase-I involving cytochrome P-450 enzymes: • N-oxidation: – Mostly for primary and secondary amines as well as aromatic amines: – This gives N-oxide that will be rapidly converted to hydroxylamines. ...
... Oxidative Phase-I involving cytochrome P-450 enzymes: • N-oxidation: – Mostly for primary and secondary amines as well as aromatic amines: – This gives N-oxide that will be rapidly converted to hydroxylamines. ...
Hardy-Weinberg Assignment
... through 8 oxidizing chemical reactions into different carbon-based molecules resulting in the transfer of hydrogen molecules to NAD+ and FAD NADH and FADH2 are oxidized and protons are pumped across the mitochondrial inner membrane; these protons then flow through ATP synthase which converts ADP to ...
... through 8 oxidizing chemical reactions into different carbon-based molecules resulting in the transfer of hydrogen molecules to NAD+ and FAD NADH and FADH2 are oxidized and protons are pumped across the mitochondrial inner membrane; these protons then flow through ATP synthase which converts ADP to ...
Coral Reefs
... • Fast growers grow up and spread out to catch light and block others • Attack other organisms with mesenterial ...
... • Fast growers grow up and spread out to catch light and block others • Attack other organisms with mesenterial ...
Chemistry - Ysgol Bro Pedr
... You will find that several reactions involve ions in solution. In these reactions, not all of the ions actually take part in the reaction, they just seem to float around doing nothing and are known as ‘spectator ions’. If you take these ions out of the equation, you end up with an ionic equation, wh ...
... You will find that several reactions involve ions in solution. In these reactions, not all of the ions actually take part in the reaction, they just seem to float around doing nothing and are known as ‘spectator ions’. If you take these ions out of the equation, you end up with an ionic equation, wh ...
Chapter 9
... • In cellular respiration, glucose and other organic molecules are broken down in a series of steps • Electrons from organic compounds are usually first transferred to NAD+, a coenzyme • As an electron acceptor, NAD+ functions as an oxidizing agent during cellular respiration • Each NADH (the reduce ...
... • In cellular respiration, glucose and other organic molecules are broken down in a series of steps • Electrons from organic compounds are usually first transferred to NAD+, a coenzyme • As an electron acceptor, NAD+ functions as an oxidizing agent during cellular respiration • Each NADH (the reduce ...
Lactic acid fermentation
... Lactic acid fermentation is the simplest type of fermentation.[3] In essence, it is a redox reaction. In anaerobic conditions, the cell’s primary mechanism of ATP production is glycolysis. Glycolysis reduces – that is, transfers electrons to – NAD+, forming NADH. However, there is only a limited sup ...
... Lactic acid fermentation is the simplest type of fermentation.[3] In essence, it is a redox reaction. In anaerobic conditions, the cell’s primary mechanism of ATP production is glycolysis. Glycolysis reduces – that is, transfers electrons to – NAD+, forming NADH. However, there is only a limited sup ...
Cellular Respiration
... Photosynthesis? - Trace an electron through Aerobic Respiration? How many ATP does Aerobic Respiration produce? - Link: What is the evolutionary advantage to fermentation? - List the two types of fermentation. How do they differ? - Thinking Critically: Why is Glucose broken down via respiration when ...
... Photosynthesis? - Trace an electron through Aerobic Respiration? How many ATP does Aerobic Respiration produce? - Link: What is the evolutionary advantage to fermentation? - List the two types of fermentation. How do they differ? - Thinking Critically: Why is Glucose broken down via respiration when ...
RHS Past Paper R2101 - Plant Classification, Structure and Function
... level for photosynthesis. Marks were also awarded where candidates named particular nutrients which influence photosynthesis e.g. magnesium, iron and nitrogen, for stating their role in photosynthesis and for linking deficiency to chlorosis and excess to plasmolysis both of which will reduce the rat ...
... level for photosynthesis. Marks were also awarded where candidates named particular nutrients which influence photosynthesis e.g. magnesium, iron and nitrogen, for stating their role in photosynthesis and for linking deficiency to chlorosis and excess to plasmolysis both of which will reduce the rat ...
Recovery Following Exercise
... •It takes a short amount of time (2-3 mins) for this to be replenished •This means that after a short (<10s) bout of intense work, the body will be sufficiently recovered after 3 mins to repeat the exercise ...
... •It takes a short amount of time (2-3 mins) for this to be replenished •This means that after a short (<10s) bout of intense work, the body will be sufficiently recovered after 3 mins to repeat the exercise ...
View
... from many dieases. They give us resistance against disease causing germs. a) Carbohydrates: Carbohydrates provide instant energy to us. Carbohydrates in our food are of three types, sugar, starch and cellulose. Sugar is the sweet substance. Glucose is the instant sugar. Fructose is available in frui ...
... from many dieases. They give us resistance against disease causing germs. a) Carbohydrates: Carbohydrates provide instant energy to us. Carbohydrates in our food are of three types, sugar, starch and cellulose. Sugar is the sweet substance. Glucose is the instant sugar. Fructose is available in frui ...
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy, normally from the Sun, into chemical energy that can be later released to fuel the organisms' activities. This chemical energy is stored in carbohydrate molecules, such as sugars, which are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water – hence the name photosynthesis, from the Greek φῶς, phōs, ""light"", and σύνθεσις, synthesis, ""putting together"". In most cases, oxygen is also released as a waste product. Most plants, most algae, and cyanobacteria perform photosynthesis; such organisms are called photoautotrophs. Photosynthesis maintains atmospheric oxygen levels and supplies all of the organic compounds and most of the energy necessary for life on Earth.Although photosynthesis is performed differently by different species, the process always begins when energy from light is absorbed by proteins called reaction centres that contain green chlorophyll pigments. In plants, these proteins are held inside organelles called chloroplasts, which are most abundant in leaf cells, while in bacteria they are embedded in the plasma membrane. In these light-dependent reactions, some energy is used to strip electrons from suitable substances, such as water, producing oxygen gas. Furthermore, two further compounds are generated: reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the ""energy currency"" of cells.In plants, algae and cyanobacteria, sugars are produced by a subsequent sequence of light-independent reactions called the Calvin cycle, but some bacteria use different mechanisms, such as the reverse Krebs cycle. In the Calvin cycle, atmospheric carbon dioxide is incorporated into already existing organic carbon compounds, such as ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP). Using the ATP and NADPH produced by the light-dependent reactions, the resulting compounds are then reduced and removed to form further carbohydrates, such as glucose.The first photosynthetic organisms probably evolved early in the evolutionary history of life and most likely used reducing agents, such as hydrogen or hydrogen sulfide, as sources of electrons, rather than water. Cyanobacteria appeared later; the excess oxygen they produced contributed to the oxygen catastrophe, which rendered the evolution of complex life possible. Today, the average rate of energy capture by photosynthesis globally is approximately 130 terawatts, which is about three times the current power consumption of human civilization.Photosynthetic organisms also convert around 100–115 thousand million metric tonnes of carbon into biomass per year.