Chapter 5 Control of Microbial growth
... • Sterilization- the process of removing completely all microorganisms on or in a product • Sterile item- is free of microbes including endospores and viruses. • Disinfection- the removal of most or all pathogens on or in a material. Generally implies the use of an antimicrobial chemical. ...
... • Sterilization- the process of removing completely all microorganisms on or in a product • Sterile item- is free of microbes including endospores and viruses. • Disinfection- the removal of most or all pathogens on or in a material. Generally implies the use of an antimicrobial chemical. ...
Plant Biotechnology Handbook
... tissue culture (PTC) technique which refers to the in vitro culture of protoplasts, cells, tissues and organs. Plant biotechnology in use today relies on advanced technology, which allows plant breeders to make precise genetic changes to impart beneficial traits to plants. The application of biotech ...
... tissue culture (PTC) technique which refers to the in vitro culture of protoplasts, cells, tissues and organs. Plant biotechnology in use today relies on advanced technology, which allows plant breeders to make precise genetic changes to impart beneficial traits to plants. The application of biotech ...
GLYCOLYSIS
... • Provide the cell with usable energy as ATP • Cells with high energy demands make more mitochondria • Muscle cells have very high number of mitochondria • We breath to get oxygen to our mitochondria and to to rid ourselves of the carbon dioxide the mitochondria produce • The blood carries these gas ...
... • Provide the cell with usable energy as ATP • Cells with high energy demands make more mitochondria • Muscle cells have very high number of mitochondria • We breath to get oxygen to our mitochondria and to to rid ourselves of the carbon dioxide the mitochondria produce • The blood carries these gas ...
NJBCT Third Quarter Review
... The diagram shows undisturbed sedimentary rock strata containing fossils. Which statement best summarizes the history of this area? A. The area was once a forest and was replaced by a freshwater lake. B. The area was once a freshwater lake and was replaced by a saltwater sea. C. The area was once a ...
... The diagram shows undisturbed sedimentary rock strata containing fossils. Which statement best summarizes the history of this area? A. The area was once a forest and was replaced by a freshwater lake. B. The area was once a freshwater lake and was replaced by a saltwater sea. C. The area was once a ...
Ecology
... • Used to make organic molecules such as: • Amino acids • Proteins • DNA • Moves slowly through the cycle ...
... • Used to make organic molecules such as: • Amino acids • Proteins • DNA • Moves slowly through the cycle ...
biogeochemcyclesebio02
... nitrogen fertilizer: • Increased nitric acid in soil: • Leaching of magnesium and potassium ...
... nitrogen fertilizer: • Increased nitric acid in soil: • Leaching of magnesium and potassium ...
Anaerobic Respiration
... •The process of lactic acid fermentation replaces the process of aerobic respiration so that the cell can have a continual source of energy, even in the absence of oxygen. •However this shift is only temporary and cells need oxygen for sustained activity. ...
... •The process of lactic acid fermentation replaces the process of aerobic respiration so that the cell can have a continual source of energy, even in the absence of oxygen. •However this shift is only temporary and cells need oxygen for sustained activity. ...
Lecture 1: The Ecosystem Concept Definition of ecosystem
... Low productivity – tighter N cycle – less leaky, less loss after disturbance High productivity – “looser” N cycle – more leaky Ecosystem age/succession – young systems have more loss (less control over abiotic environment, no plants), growing system has maximum efficiency, old ecosystems might have ...
... Low productivity – tighter N cycle – less leaky, less loss after disturbance High productivity – “looser” N cycle – more leaky Ecosystem age/succession – young systems have more loss (less control over abiotic environment, no plants), growing system has maximum efficiency, old ecosystems might have ...
Organic Compound Notes
... PACKET 2: BIOCHEMISTRY (The Chemistry of Life) Bio.4.1 Understand how biological molecules are essential to the survival of living organisms. Bio.4.1.1 Compare the structures and functions of the major biological molecules (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids) as related to the surv ...
... PACKET 2: BIOCHEMISTRY (The Chemistry of Life) Bio.4.1 Understand how biological molecules are essential to the survival of living organisms. Bio.4.1.1 Compare the structures and functions of the major biological molecules (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids) as related to the surv ...
Microbiology Babylon university 2nd stage pharmacy collage
... The range of prokaryotic niches is illustrated by consideration of strategies used for generation of metabolic energy. Light from the sun is the chief source of energy for life. Some prokaryotes such as the purple bacteria convert light energy to metabolic energy in the absence of oxygen production. ...
... The range of prokaryotic niches is illustrated by consideration of strategies used for generation of metabolic energy. Light from the sun is the chief source of energy for life. Some prokaryotes such as the purple bacteria convert light energy to metabolic energy in the absence of oxygen production. ...
NJ BCT Review - Part 3 - Nutley Public Schools
... The diagram shows undisturbed sedimentary rock strata containing fossils. Which statement best summarizes the history of this area? A. The area was once a forest and was replaced by a freshwater lake. B. The area was once a freshwater lake and was replaced by a saltwater sea. C. The area was once a ...
... The diagram shows undisturbed sedimentary rock strata containing fossils. Which statement best summarizes the history of this area? A. The area was once a forest and was replaced by a freshwater lake. B. The area was once a freshwater lake and was replaced by a saltwater sea. C. The area was once a ...
UNIT 7 Mitochondria and hepatic detoxification
... The endosymbiont hypothesis suggests that mitochondria have evolved from anaerobic bacteria which were phagocytosed by eukaryote cells at the time oxygen appeared on earth, Similarities between mitochondria and bacteria include the presence of: • cardiolipin •transporters • ribosomes • circular RNA ...
... The endosymbiont hypothesis suggests that mitochondria have evolved from anaerobic bacteria which were phagocytosed by eukaryote cells at the time oxygen appeared on earth, Similarities between mitochondria and bacteria include the presence of: • cardiolipin •transporters • ribosomes • circular RNA ...
7.10
... over time, and respond to daily, seasonal, and long-term changes in their environment. Key concepts include a) phototropism, hibernation, and dormancy; b) factors that increase or decrease population size; and c) eutrophication, climate changes, and catastrophic disturbances. ...
... over time, and respond to daily, seasonal, and long-term changes in their environment. Key concepts include a) phototropism, hibernation, and dormancy; b) factors that increase or decrease population size; and c) eutrophication, climate changes, and catastrophic disturbances. ...
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
... sun to drive phosphorylation of ADP ATP 2. Substrate-level phosphorylation – glycolysis and Krebs cycle use proteins (substrates) to phosphorylate ADP ATP 3. Oxidative phosphorylation – in ETC, redox reactions drive production of ATP • This is where most of ATP generated from cell respiration co ...
... sun to drive phosphorylation of ADP ATP 2. Substrate-level phosphorylation – glycolysis and Krebs cycle use proteins (substrates) to phosphorylate ADP ATP 3. Oxidative phosphorylation – in ETC, redox reactions drive production of ATP • This is where most of ATP generated from cell respiration co ...
Document
... (1) Oxidative decarboxilation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA (2) Aerobic oxidation of acetyl CoA by the citric acid cycle (3) Oxidation of fatty acids and amino acids ...
... (1) Oxidative decarboxilation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA (2) Aerobic oxidation of acetyl CoA by the citric acid cycle (3) Oxidation of fatty acids and amino acids ...
Cellular Respiration
... Acetyl-CoA enters the cycle and binds to a four-carbon molecule, forming a six-carbon molecule Two carbons are removed as CO2 and their electrons donated to NAD+ ...
... Acetyl-CoA enters the cycle and binds to a four-carbon molecule, forming a six-carbon molecule Two carbons are removed as CO2 and their electrons donated to NAD+ ...
Classification of Bacteria
... Classification of Bacteria Classification, nomenclature, and identification are the three separate but interrelated areas of taxonomy. Classification can be defined as the arrangement of organisms into taxonomic groups (taxa) on the basis of similarities or relationships. Classification of prokaryot ...
... Classification of Bacteria Classification, nomenclature, and identification are the three separate but interrelated areas of taxonomy. Classification can be defined as the arrangement of organisms into taxonomic groups (taxa) on the basis of similarities or relationships. Classification of prokaryot ...
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
... – 36-38 ATP made from all 3 Stages – Oxidative Phosphorylation • Oxygen is final electron acceptor; water is formed • ADP is converted to ATP by adding phosphate group ...
... – 36-38 ATP made from all 3 Stages – Oxidative Phosphorylation • Oxygen is final electron acceptor; water is formed • ADP is converted to ATP by adding phosphate group ...
2 H
... – α-hemolysis: greenish hue, partial breakdown of red blood cells – β-hemolysis: clearing, breaks down red blood cells and hemoglobin completely – γ-hemolysis: no hemolysins ...
... – α-hemolysis: greenish hue, partial breakdown of red blood cells – β-hemolysis: clearing, breaks down red blood cells and hemoglobin completely – γ-hemolysis: no hemolysins ...
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... The process of breaking a glucose molecule into two pyruvic acid molecules. The process of breaking down pyruvic acid into carbon dioxide. High energy electrons are used to convert ADP to ATP. The organelle in which cellular respiration takes place. The release of energy from food without the presen ...
... The process of breaking a glucose molecule into two pyruvic acid molecules. The process of breaking down pyruvic acid into carbon dioxide. High energy electrons are used to convert ADP to ATP. The organelle in which cellular respiration takes place. The release of energy from food without the presen ...
Microbial metabolism
Microbial metabolism is the means by which a microbe obtains the energy and nutrients (e.g. carbon) it needs to live and reproduce. Microbes use many different types of metabolic strategies and species can often be differentiated from each other based on metabolic characteristics. The specific metabolic properties of a microbe are the major factors in determining that microbe’s ecological niche, and often allow for that microbe to be useful in industrial processes or responsible for biogeochemical cycles.== Types of microbial metabolism ==All microbial metabolisms can be arranged according to three principles:1. How the organism obtains carbon for synthesising cell mass: autotrophic – carbon is obtained from carbon dioxide (CO2) heterotrophic – carbon is obtained from organic compounds mixotrophic – carbon is obtained from both organic compounds and by fixing carbon dioxide2. How the organism obtains reducing equivalents used either in energy conservation or in biosynthetic reactions: lithotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from inorganic compounds organotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from organic compounds3. How the organism obtains energy for living and growing: chemotrophic – energy is obtained from external chemical compounds phototrophic – energy is obtained from lightIn practice, these terms are almost freely combined. Typical examples are as follows: chemolithoautotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide. Examples: Nitrifying bacteria, Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, Iron-oxidizing bacteria, Knallgas-bacteria photolithoautotrophs obtain energy from light and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide, using reducing equivalents from inorganic compounds. Examples: Cyanobacteria (water (H2O) as reducing equivalent donor), Chlorobiaceae, Chromatiaceae (hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as reducing equivalent donor), Chloroflexus (hydrogen (H2) as reducing equivalent donor) chemolithoheterotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, but cannot fix carbon dioxide (CO2). Examples: some Thiobacilus, some Beggiatoa, some Nitrobacter spp., Wolinella (with H2 as reducing equivalent donor), some Knallgas-bacteria, some sulfate-reducing bacteria chemoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy, carbon, and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Examples: most bacteria, e. g. Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp., Actinobacteria photoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy from light, carbon and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Some species are strictly heterotrophic, many others can also fix carbon dioxide and are mixotrophic. Examples: Rhodobacter, Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodospirillum, Rhodomicrobium, Rhodocyclus, Heliobacterium, Chloroflexus (alternatively to photolithoautotrophy with hydrogen)