Metabolism
... Enzymes, which are catalytic proteins, speed up chemical reactions in metabolic pathways. Many enzymes are inactive unless they are combined with certain smaller molecules called cofactors, which usually are derived from a vitamin or mineral. Vitamin-derived cofactors are also called coenzymes. All ...
... Enzymes, which are catalytic proteins, speed up chemical reactions in metabolic pathways. Many enzymes are inactive unless they are combined with certain smaller molecules called cofactors, which usually are derived from a vitamin or mineral. Vitamin-derived cofactors are also called coenzymes. All ...
How Alkalinity Affects Nitrification
... calculations, since these analyses typically are performed in a laboratory that can present a delay in the data. What is alkalinity? The alkalinity of water is a measure of its capacity to neutralize acids. It also refers to the buffering capacity, or the capacity to resist a change in pH. For waste ...
... calculations, since these analyses typically are performed in a laboratory that can present a delay in the data. What is alkalinity? The alkalinity of water is a measure of its capacity to neutralize acids. It also refers to the buffering capacity, or the capacity to resist a change in pH. For waste ...
Biosynthesis of Isoprenoids
... n The softwood resin canals are filled with oleoresin. n Oleoresin: monoterpenoids and especially resin acids (diterpenoids) are dominant and commercially ...
... n The softwood resin canals are filled with oleoresin. n Oleoresin: monoterpenoids and especially resin acids (diterpenoids) are dominant and commercially ...
Fermentative hydrogen production from glucose and starch using
... and by utilizing renewable carbon resources can be considered as a CO2 offset [1]. Hydrogen can be produced biologically by four different processes: direct and indirect biophotolysis, photofermentation and dark fermentation. Fermentative hydrogen production not only provides higher gas production r ...
... and by utilizing renewable carbon resources can be considered as a CO2 offset [1]. Hydrogen can be produced biologically by four different processes: direct and indirect biophotolysis, photofermentation and dark fermentation. Fermentative hydrogen production not only provides higher gas production r ...
Kinetics of growth and sugar consumption in yeasts 63: 343-352, 1993.
... their fermentative abilities (Table 1). Certain yeasts (such as Rhodotorula species) cannot perform alcoholic fermentation, possibly due to their inability to synthesize key enzymes of the fermentative pathway, whereas others (for example Candida slooffi) have to rely on alcoholic fermentation as a ...
... their fermentative abilities (Table 1). Certain yeasts (such as Rhodotorula species) cannot perform alcoholic fermentation, possibly due to their inability to synthesize key enzymes of the fermentative pathway, whereas others (for example Candida slooffi) have to rely on alcoholic fermentation as a ...
High-resolution analysis of metabolic cycles in the intertidal mussel
... aspartate are fermented to produce succinate and alanine via the glucose-succinate and aspartate-succinate pathways, respectively (24). If the duration of hypoxia extends for days then succinate is further converted to propionate, which yields additional ATP and aids in acid-base balance via the pro ...
... aspartate are fermented to produce succinate and alanine via the glucose-succinate and aspartate-succinate pathways, respectively (24). If the duration of hypoxia extends for days then succinate is further converted to propionate, which yields additional ATP and aids in acid-base balance via the pro ...
Details of the scope analysis for each organism
... L-cysteine requires Coenzyme A (Additional Fig. S4), consequently the biosynthesis of Coenzyme A is autocatalytic. The set of autocatalytic molecules equivalent to CoA also include panthetheine 4’-phosphate, dephospho-CoA, O-succinylbenzoyl-CoA, acetylCoA, isovaleryl-CoA, succinyl-CoA and malonyl-Co ...
... L-cysteine requires Coenzyme A (Additional Fig. S4), consequently the biosynthesis of Coenzyme A is autocatalytic. The set of autocatalytic molecules equivalent to CoA also include panthetheine 4’-phosphate, dephospho-CoA, O-succinylbenzoyl-CoA, acetylCoA, isovaleryl-CoA, succinyl-CoA and malonyl-Co ...
Glucose
... one substrate level prosphorylation; • Generation: one FADH2,three NADH+H+,two CO2, one GTP; • Key enzyme:citrate synthase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex. ...
... one substrate level prosphorylation; • Generation: one FADH2,three NADH+H+,two CO2, one GTP; • Key enzyme:citrate synthase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex. ...
Expression of phosphofructokinase in Neisseria meningitidis
... (PEP) and activated by ADP (or GDP) when the energy demand of the cell increases (Blangy et al., 1968). The ATPPFK described above (PFK-1) is broadly distributed in Eukaryota and Bacteria, as indicated by homologous protein sequences and biochemical evidence (Bapteste et al., 2003), and is encoded b ...
... (PEP) and activated by ADP (or GDP) when the energy demand of the cell increases (Blangy et al., 1968). The ATPPFK described above (PFK-1) is broadly distributed in Eukaryota and Bacteria, as indicated by homologous protein sequences and biochemical evidence (Bapteste et al., 2003), and is encoded b ...
The Citric Acid Cycle
... cycle, one at the citrate synthase step, and the second at the malate synthase step. The reactions catalyzed by isocitrate lyase and malate synthase bypass the three citric acid cycle steps between isocitrate and succinate so that the two carbons lost in the citric acid cycle are saved, resulting in ...
... cycle, one at the citrate synthase step, and the second at the malate synthase step. The reactions catalyzed by isocitrate lyase and malate synthase bypass the three citric acid cycle steps between isocitrate and succinate so that the two carbons lost in the citric acid cycle are saved, resulting in ...
File - Mr. Arnold`s Classes
... extra carbon is released as carbon dioxide. Acetyl CoA can also be produced from fatty acids. When the fatty acid chain contains an even number of carbons, no CO 2 is released. How many Acetyl CoA molecules can be produced with the following fatty acids? a. 23C b. 18C c. 31C ...
... extra carbon is released as carbon dioxide. Acetyl CoA can also be produced from fatty acids. When the fatty acid chain contains an even number of carbons, no CO 2 is released. How many Acetyl CoA molecules can be produced with the following fatty acids? a. 23C b. 18C c. 31C ...
Lipids (lec 1, 2, 3)..
... It is the major pathway of oxidation (catabolism or breakdown) of saturated fatty acids in which two carbons are removed from activated fatty acid, producing acetyl CoA, NADH and FADH2 Site: in the mitochondria of all tissues particularly in the liver. So there is no fatty acid oxidation in RBCs whi ...
... It is the major pathway of oxidation (catabolism or breakdown) of saturated fatty acids in which two carbons are removed from activated fatty acid, producing acetyl CoA, NADH and FADH2 Site: in the mitochondria of all tissues particularly in the liver. So there is no fatty acid oxidation in RBCs whi ...
MS PowerPoint - Catalysis Eprints database
... a substrate help orient the substrate for reaction or stabilize charged reaction transition states. • Metals also mediate oxidation-reduction reactions by reversible changes in the metal ion’s oxidation state. • For example – in hemoglobin Fe in ferric and ferrous have different activities ...
... a substrate help orient the substrate for reaction or stabilize charged reaction transition states. • Metals also mediate oxidation-reduction reactions by reversible changes in the metal ion’s oxidation state. • For example – in hemoglobin Fe in ferric and ferrous have different activities ...
Exam Review
... 8. In the free, or uncombined, state the number of protons in the nucleus of an element must equal the __. a) mass number c) mass number - atomic number b) number of neutrons in the nucleus d) number of electrons present ...
... 8. In the free, or uncombined, state the number of protons in the nucleus of an element must equal the __. a) mass number c) mass number - atomic number b) number of neutrons in the nucleus d) number of electrons present ...
Elemental Sulfur Corrosion in Sour Gas and Claus Sulfur Recovery
... Steel is oxidized by sulfur forming a mixture of FeS and FeS2 ...
... Steel is oxidized by sulfur forming a mixture of FeS and FeS2 ...
dasar ilmu tanah fiksasi nitrogen
... SUMBER: http://www.intechopen.com/books/biotechnology-molecular-studies-and-novel-applications-for-improvedquality-of-human-life/ammonia-accumulation-of-novel-nitrogen-fixing-bacteria ...
... SUMBER: http://www.intechopen.com/books/biotechnology-molecular-studies-and-novel-applications-for-improvedquality-of-human-life/ammonia-accumulation-of-novel-nitrogen-fixing-bacteria ...
The Brazilian technology of fuel ethanol fermentation
... affect the metabolism of S. cerevisiae synergistically since this is the industrial situation. Among the important factors are: a) sucrose concentration influencing the osmotic pressure of the medium and the content of ethanol via fermentation, b) pH and acidity - affecting respectively the proton p ...
... affect the metabolism of S. cerevisiae synergistically since this is the industrial situation. Among the important factors are: a) sucrose concentration influencing the osmotic pressure of the medium and the content of ethanol via fermentation, b) pH and acidity - affecting respectively the proton p ...
Physiology of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in anaerobic glucose
... indicating that CBS 8066 has a somewhat higher fatty acid content than H1022. From literature data (Oura, 1972; Jones & Greenfield, 1987) it can be concluded that the lipid fraction of plasma membranes makes up 2.5 to 5 % of the total dry weight of biomass, whereas the total lipid content is somewha ...
... indicating that CBS 8066 has a somewhat higher fatty acid content than H1022. From literature data (Oura, 1972; Jones & Greenfield, 1987) it can be concluded that the lipid fraction of plasma membranes makes up 2.5 to 5 % of the total dry weight of biomass, whereas the total lipid content is somewha ...
Lecture 24
... – Differ only by a phosphate group at the 2’OH. NADH participates in utilizing the free energy of metabolite oxidation to synthesize ATP NADPH utilizes the free energy of metaboite oxidation for biosynthesis Difference is possible because the dehydrogenase enzymes involved in oxidative and reductive ...
... – Differ only by a phosphate group at the 2’OH. NADH participates in utilizing the free energy of metabolite oxidation to synthesize ATP NADPH utilizes the free energy of metaboite oxidation for biosynthesis Difference is possible because the dehydrogenase enzymes involved in oxidative and reductive ...
Chapter 8
... this intermediate is planar (sp2). It appears that, for isocitrate to be formed, the cis-aconitate dissociates from the dehydrating species, reorients itself within the active center cavity, and binds back to the dehydrating center in the alternative orientation. In the dehydrating step the citrate ...
... this intermediate is planar (sp2). It appears that, for isocitrate to be formed, the cis-aconitate dissociates from the dehydrating species, reorients itself within the active center cavity, and binds back to the dehydrating center in the alternative orientation. In the dehydrating step the citrate ...
A tribute to sulfur - Wiley Online Library
... desulfurases, C-DES does not have an active-site Cys of its own, but uses a cysteine residue of its substrate, cystine, to form the cysteine-hydrogen disulfide in a reductive cleavage reaction. It seems possible that for some Fe±S proteins in single-cell organisms synthesis may proceed spontaneously ...
... desulfurases, C-DES does not have an active-site Cys of its own, but uses a cysteine residue of its substrate, cystine, to form the cysteine-hydrogen disulfide in a reductive cleavage reaction. It seems possible that for some Fe±S proteins in single-cell organisms synthesis may proceed spontaneously ...
Microbial metabolism
Microbial metabolism is the means by which a microbe obtains the energy and nutrients (e.g. carbon) it needs to live and reproduce. Microbes use many different types of metabolic strategies and species can often be differentiated from each other based on metabolic characteristics. The specific metabolic properties of a microbe are the major factors in determining that microbe’s ecological niche, and often allow for that microbe to be useful in industrial processes or responsible for biogeochemical cycles.== Types of microbial metabolism ==All microbial metabolisms can be arranged according to three principles:1. How the organism obtains carbon for synthesising cell mass: autotrophic – carbon is obtained from carbon dioxide (CO2) heterotrophic – carbon is obtained from organic compounds mixotrophic – carbon is obtained from both organic compounds and by fixing carbon dioxide2. How the organism obtains reducing equivalents used either in energy conservation or in biosynthetic reactions: lithotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from inorganic compounds organotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from organic compounds3. How the organism obtains energy for living and growing: chemotrophic – energy is obtained from external chemical compounds phototrophic – energy is obtained from lightIn practice, these terms are almost freely combined. Typical examples are as follows: chemolithoautotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide. Examples: Nitrifying bacteria, Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, Iron-oxidizing bacteria, Knallgas-bacteria photolithoautotrophs obtain energy from light and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide, using reducing equivalents from inorganic compounds. Examples: Cyanobacteria (water (H2O) as reducing equivalent donor), Chlorobiaceae, Chromatiaceae (hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as reducing equivalent donor), Chloroflexus (hydrogen (H2) as reducing equivalent donor) chemolithoheterotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, but cannot fix carbon dioxide (CO2). Examples: some Thiobacilus, some Beggiatoa, some Nitrobacter spp., Wolinella (with H2 as reducing equivalent donor), some Knallgas-bacteria, some sulfate-reducing bacteria chemoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy, carbon, and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Examples: most bacteria, e. g. Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp., Actinobacteria photoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy from light, carbon and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Some species are strictly heterotrophic, many others can also fix carbon dioxide and are mixotrophic. Examples: Rhodobacter, Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodospirillum, Rhodomicrobium, Rhodocyclus, Heliobacterium, Chloroflexus (alternatively to photolithoautotrophy with hydrogen)