Biosynthesis of Plant Primary metabolites
... Photosynthesis is the process where plants convert sunlight into energy, then store it as carbohydrates, sugars, such as glucose. Photosynthesis may be the most important process in ecosystems, both brings in energy needed within the ecosystem, and produce oxygen (O2) needed for cellular respiration ...
... Photosynthesis is the process where plants convert sunlight into energy, then store it as carbohydrates, sugars, such as glucose. Photosynthesis may be the most important process in ecosystems, both brings in energy needed within the ecosystem, and produce oxygen (O2) needed for cellular respiration ...
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN (student)
... So what’s the deal with ATP?? • C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP • We need to produce 36 ATP in Cell. Resp. • After 3 stages, we have only produced 6 ATP through substrate-level oxidation • Thus, there are 30 ATP left to create – We produce the remaining 30 ATP through oxidative phosphorylation ...
... So what’s the deal with ATP?? • C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP • We need to produce 36 ATP in Cell. Resp. • After 3 stages, we have only produced 6 ATP through substrate-level oxidation • Thus, there are 30 ATP left to create – We produce the remaining 30 ATP through oxidative phosphorylation ...
8.3 study guide answer key
... Two 3-carbon molecules are removed from the cycle. They are used by the plant to build sugars, lipids, amino acids, and other compounds. The remaining ten 3-carbon molecules are converted back to 5-carbon molecules and begin a new cycle. Factors Affecting Photosynthesis Many factors influence the ra ...
... Two 3-carbon molecules are removed from the cycle. They are used by the plant to build sugars, lipids, amino acids, and other compounds. The remaining ten 3-carbon molecules are converted back to 5-carbon molecules and begin a new cycle. Factors Affecting Photosynthesis Many factors influence the ra ...
ENERGY Physiology Function:workàlive -grows(mitosis)
... Anaerobic cellular respiration Some organisms thrice in environments with little or no oxygen -marches, bogs, gut of animals, sewage treatment ponds No oxygen used=”an”aerobic Results in no more ATP, final steps in these pathways serve only to regenerate NAD+ so it can return to pick up more e ...
... Anaerobic cellular respiration Some organisms thrice in environments with little or no oxygen -marches, bogs, gut of animals, sewage treatment ponds No oxygen used=”an”aerobic Results in no more ATP, final steps in these pathways serve only to regenerate NAD+ so it can return to pick up more e ...
Review Guide for Third Exam in Biochemistry 507 (1997)
... reaction itself, the way in which branches are degraded. 3. Be ready to explain the requirement for Mg2+ ion in glycolysis reactions. 4. The first and second stages of glycolysis: where is ATP invested, where is it gained, and how much net gain is there? 5. Regulation of PFK-1: what are the regulato ...
... reaction itself, the way in which branches are degraded. 3. Be ready to explain the requirement for Mg2+ ion in glycolysis reactions. 4. The first and second stages of glycolysis: where is ATP invested, where is it gained, and how much net gain is there? 5. Regulation of PFK-1: what are the regulato ...
1 All cells can harvest energy from organic molecules. To do this
... theoretical yield of ATP from the breakdown of one molecule of glucose by aerobic respiration is 38. In eukaryotes, this is reduced to 36 ATP because NADH generated by glycolysis in the cytoplasm has to be actively transported into the mitochondria. This costs the cell 1 ATP per NADH transported. ...
... theoretical yield of ATP from the breakdown of one molecule of glucose by aerobic respiration is 38. In eukaryotes, this is reduced to 36 ATP because NADH generated by glycolysis in the cytoplasm has to be actively transported into the mitochondria. This costs the cell 1 ATP per NADH transported. ...
Viruses, Bacteria, Protists, Fungi
... requires only one parent. - ___________ Binary fission - one cell divides to form two identical cells – each cell gets its own complete copy of the parents cell’s genetic material, ribosomes and cytoplasm ...
... requires only one parent. - ___________ Binary fission - one cell divides to form two identical cells – each cell gets its own complete copy of the parents cell’s genetic material, ribosomes and cytoplasm ...
Ecology Station Review Notes
... Consumers •Organisms that rely on other organisms for their energy and food supply are called heterotrophs. •Heterotrophs are also called consumers. ...
... Consumers •Organisms that rely on other organisms for their energy and food supply are called heterotrophs. •Heterotrophs are also called consumers. ...
The Citric Acid Cycle
... Step 3: Oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate -The enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase catalyzes the irreversible oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to form α-ketoglutarate and ...
... Step 3: Oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate -The enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase catalyzes the irreversible oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to form α-ketoglutarate and ...
Interdependence and adaptation
... rises, the population of bacteria rises. This is because the bacteria feed off the sewage which provides raw materials and energy for growth and reproduction. At the same time the concentration of oxygen falls. This is because the bacteria use up the oxygen in respiration as they break down th ...
... rises, the population of bacteria rises. This is because the bacteria feed off the sewage which provides raw materials and energy for growth and reproduction. At the same time the concentration of oxygen falls. This is because the bacteria use up the oxygen in respiration as they break down th ...
Week 6 Pre-Lecture Slides
... How does diversification of metabolic output improve fitness for an organism? ...
... How does diversification of metabolic output improve fitness for an organism? ...
Chapter05, 06 代谢引论糖代谢
... Rationale for this enzyme - repositions the phosphate to make PEP Note the phospho-histidine intermediates! Zelda Rose showed that a bit of 2,3-BPG is required to phosphorylate His Rx 9: Enolase 2-P-Gly to PEP How can such a reaction create a PEP? "Energy content" of 2-PG and PEP are similar Enolase ...
... Rationale for this enzyme - repositions the phosphate to make PEP Note the phospho-histidine intermediates! Zelda Rose showed that a bit of 2,3-BPG is required to phosphorylate His Rx 9: Enolase 2-P-Gly to PEP How can such a reaction create a PEP? "Energy content" of 2-PG and PEP are similar Enolase ...
3. Biotechnological Importance of MO - Copy
... Glucose ----> 2 pyruvic acid + ATP +NAD(P)H2 + NADH2 ...
... Glucose ----> 2 pyruvic acid + ATP +NAD(P)H2 + NADH2 ...
Energy Systems and Muscle Fibre Types
... Simplest of the energy systems. Creatine Kinase (enzyme) helps break up Creatine Phosphate in the muscle into Cr + Pi + Energy (this energy will be used to bind Pi + ADP, can not be used for cellular work) CP is in limited supply within the muscle, thus this system supplies a large amount of energy ...
... Simplest of the energy systems. Creatine Kinase (enzyme) helps break up Creatine Phosphate in the muscle into Cr + Pi + Energy (this energy will be used to bind Pi + ADP, can not be used for cellular work) CP is in limited supply within the muscle, thus this system supplies a large amount of energy ...
Ch. 8 Review Sheet
... For each NADH produced the stages of respiration, 3 ATP’s are produced in the ETC. For each FADH2 produced in the stages of respiration, 2 ATP’s are produced in the ETC. Stage of Aerobic Respiration ...
... For each NADH produced the stages of respiration, 3 ATP’s are produced in the ETC. For each FADH2 produced in the stages of respiration, 2 ATP’s are produced in the ETC. Stage of Aerobic Respiration ...
HOW CELLS HARVEST ENERGY
... place in the cytoplasm, and the ETC occurs on the cell membrane E. Anaerobic respiration Occurs in certain bacteria Has the same stages as aerobic respiration: Glycolysis Oxidation of pyruvate Kreb’s cycle ETC However, O2 is NOT the final e- acceptor. They use another molecule as the final e- accept ...
... place in the cytoplasm, and the ETC occurs on the cell membrane E. Anaerobic respiration Occurs in certain bacteria Has the same stages as aerobic respiration: Glycolysis Oxidation of pyruvate Kreb’s cycle ETC However, O2 is NOT the final e- acceptor. They use another molecule as the final e- accept ...
Cellular Respiration
... 3. A total of 4 ATP’s are produced (net gain of 2 ATP) 4. 2 molecules of NADH are produced 5. Involves substrate level phosphorylation, lysis, oxidation and ATP formation 6. Controlled by enzymes: when ATP levels in the cell are high, feedback inhibition will block the first enzyme in the pathway 7. ...
... 3. A total of 4 ATP’s are produced (net gain of 2 ATP) 4. 2 molecules of NADH are produced 5. Involves substrate level phosphorylation, lysis, oxidation and ATP formation 6. Controlled by enzymes: when ATP levels in the cell are high, feedback inhibition will block the first enzyme in the pathway 7. ...
Examples
... ▫ 2. Active site - the small region on the enzyme that is involved in the chemical action ▫ 3. Enzyme-substrate complex substrates are the materials that are acted on by the enzyme - when the enzyme and substrate combine they form an enzyme-substrate ...
... ▫ 2. Active site - the small region on the enzyme that is involved in the chemical action ▫ 3. Enzyme-substrate complex substrates are the materials that are acted on by the enzyme - when the enzyme and substrate combine they form an enzyme-substrate ...
energy trophic levels
... • In your own words, describe what a food chain is. How does this connect with what we have been learning about with Ecosystems? Explain in 3-5 sentences. ...
... • In your own words, describe what a food chain is. How does this connect with what we have been learning about with Ecosystems? Explain in 3-5 sentences. ...
Cell Physiology
... – to further oxidize NADH and FADH2 and transfer their energy to ATP – to regenerate NAD+ and FAD and make them available again to earlier reaction steps ...
... – to further oxidize NADH and FADH2 and transfer their energy to ATP – to regenerate NAD+ and FAD and make them available again to earlier reaction steps ...
Microbial metabolism
Microbial metabolism is the means by which a microbe obtains the energy and nutrients (e.g. carbon) it needs to live and reproduce. Microbes use many different types of metabolic strategies and species can often be differentiated from each other based on metabolic characteristics. The specific metabolic properties of a microbe are the major factors in determining that microbe’s ecological niche, and often allow for that microbe to be useful in industrial processes or responsible for biogeochemical cycles.== Types of microbial metabolism ==All microbial metabolisms can be arranged according to three principles:1. How the organism obtains carbon for synthesising cell mass: autotrophic – carbon is obtained from carbon dioxide (CO2) heterotrophic – carbon is obtained from organic compounds mixotrophic – carbon is obtained from both organic compounds and by fixing carbon dioxide2. How the organism obtains reducing equivalents used either in energy conservation or in biosynthetic reactions: lithotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from inorganic compounds organotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from organic compounds3. How the organism obtains energy for living and growing: chemotrophic – energy is obtained from external chemical compounds phototrophic – energy is obtained from lightIn practice, these terms are almost freely combined. Typical examples are as follows: chemolithoautotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide. Examples: Nitrifying bacteria, Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, Iron-oxidizing bacteria, Knallgas-bacteria photolithoautotrophs obtain energy from light and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide, using reducing equivalents from inorganic compounds. Examples: Cyanobacteria (water (H2O) as reducing equivalent donor), Chlorobiaceae, Chromatiaceae (hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as reducing equivalent donor), Chloroflexus (hydrogen (H2) as reducing equivalent donor) chemolithoheterotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, but cannot fix carbon dioxide (CO2). Examples: some Thiobacilus, some Beggiatoa, some Nitrobacter spp., Wolinella (with H2 as reducing equivalent donor), some Knallgas-bacteria, some sulfate-reducing bacteria chemoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy, carbon, and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Examples: most bacteria, e. g. Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp., Actinobacteria photoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy from light, carbon and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Some species are strictly heterotrophic, many others can also fix carbon dioxide and are mixotrophic. Examples: Rhodobacter, Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodospirillum, Rhodomicrobium, Rhodocyclus, Heliobacterium, Chloroflexus (alternatively to photolithoautotrophy with hydrogen)