Sum total of all chemical reactions that occur within an
... Rotated counterclockwise to hydrolyze ATP Rotate ...
... Rotated counterclockwise to hydrolyze ATP Rotate ...
Document
... • Extensive inner membrane folding in the mitochondria provides a large surface area. • There are many molecular systems on this membrane for production of ATP. • Electron-transport chain components are arranged in packages called respiratory assemblies. ...
... • Extensive inner membrane folding in the mitochondria provides a large surface area. • There are many molecular systems on this membrane for production of ATP. • Electron-transport chain components are arranged in packages called respiratory assemblies. ...
Ecology Review Answers
... ex: different species of birds nest in different specific levels of the same type of tree. ...
... ex: different species of birds nest in different specific levels of the same type of tree. ...
File - International Census of Marine Microbes
... approach has been used to scale up primary production from the regional to the global scale. For the census of marine microbes, it therefore seems worthwhile to understand the patterns and mechanisms that relate microbial diversity to primary production. ...
... approach has been used to scale up primary production from the regional to the global scale. For the census of marine microbes, it therefore seems worthwhile to understand the patterns and mechanisms that relate microbial diversity to primary production. ...
Document
... • Certain anaerobic bacteria solve NAD+ problem by using compounds from environment (such as nitrate), NOT oxygen • ATP yield is low ...
... • Certain anaerobic bacteria solve NAD+ problem by using compounds from environment (such as nitrate), NOT oxygen • ATP yield is low ...
Most common elements in living things are carbon, hydrogen
... Phospholipids make up cell membranes. Lipids also serve as waxy coverings (cuticle) on plants, pigments (chlorophyll), and steroids. Lipids have more carbon and hydrogen atoms than oxygen atoms. Fats are made of a glycerol (alcohol) and three fatty acid chains. This subunit is called a triglyceride. ...
... Phospholipids make up cell membranes. Lipids also serve as waxy coverings (cuticle) on plants, pigments (chlorophyll), and steroids. Lipids have more carbon and hydrogen atoms than oxygen atoms. Fats are made of a glycerol (alcohol) and three fatty acid chains. This subunit is called a triglyceride. ...
Friday Calvin Cycle How you will always remember… Rubisco
... • Cells use a high energy molecule to fuel cellular processes Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) ...
... • Cells use a high energy molecule to fuel cellular processes Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) ...
Exam 3
... Section 3. Problems. 4 questions 10 points each. 31. (10pts) A molecule of glucose stored in glycogen can be catabolized to two molecules of lactate under anaerobic conditions in muscle. Fill in each box with the name or structure of the intermediates along this pathway. Then indicate every step th ...
... Section 3. Problems. 4 questions 10 points each. 31. (10pts) A molecule of glucose stored in glycogen can be catabolized to two molecules of lactate under anaerobic conditions in muscle. Fill in each box with the name or structure of the intermediates along this pathway. Then indicate every step th ...
Chapter 2 - SCHOOLinSITES
... Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings. ...
... Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings. ...
A Guided Reading on Macromolecules
... 28. _________________ makes up cell membranes. 29. Name a waxy lipid covering plants. 30. Plant pigments like ______________ are also __________. 31. Lipids have more ___________ and _______ than they do oxygen atoms. 32. Fats are made of an alcohol called __________ and three __________ _________ c ...
... 28. _________________ makes up cell membranes. 29. Name a waxy lipid covering plants. 30. Plant pigments like ______________ are also __________. 31. Lipids have more ___________ and _______ than they do oxygen atoms. 32. Fats are made of an alcohol called __________ and three __________ _________ c ...
APES Chapter 3
... Decomposers: Recycle nutrients in ecosystems. Detrivores: Insects or other scavengers that feed on wastes or dead bodies. Figure 3-13 ...
... Decomposers: Recycle nutrients in ecosystems. Detrivores: Insects or other scavengers that feed on wastes or dead bodies. Figure 3-13 ...
ecosystem
... absence restricts species success. Habitat: Space an organism inhabits - defined by biological requirements of each particular organism. Niche: Includes all ways an organism affects organisms with which it interacts as well as how it ...
... absence restricts species success. Habitat: Space an organism inhabits - defined by biological requirements of each particular organism. Niche: Includes all ways an organism affects organisms with which it interacts as well as how it ...
U2.8P1 Respiration
... When anaerobic respiration takes place, the lactic acid soaks the muscle cells and prevents the muscle cell from doing its job. This causes fatigue and/or cramp. After the activity has been completed people pant and breathe heavily. This happens because oxygen is required to get rid of the build up ...
... When anaerobic respiration takes place, the lactic acid soaks the muscle cells and prevents the muscle cell from doing its job. This causes fatigue and/or cramp. After the activity has been completed people pant and breathe heavily. This happens because oxygen is required to get rid of the build up ...
Metabolism and Energetics
... molecule are rearranged to a lower energy state, the energy is then directly stored in the bonds of ATP Yields ATP directly, without the utilization of oxygen, but only yields a small number of ATP per glucose (2) AND it yields two molecules of NADH—this is a type of stored energy that can be “cashe ...
... molecule are rearranged to a lower energy state, the energy is then directly stored in the bonds of ATP Yields ATP directly, without the utilization of oxygen, but only yields a small number of ATP per glucose (2) AND it yields two molecules of NADH—this is a type of stored energy that can be “cashe ...
THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE
... Because they could harness so much of the potential energy of food molecules, organisms using this oxygen-involving process had an enormous evolutionary advantage. ...
... Because they could harness so much of the potential energy of food molecules, organisms using this oxygen-involving process had an enormous evolutionary advantage. ...
Cellular respiration
... C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O +38 ATP There are four main steps in aerobic respiration: 1. Glycolysis is a series of enzyme catalyzed reaction by which glucose molecule is converted into two molecules of pyruvate. The products are NADH, ATP, and pyruvate. NADH and ATP are two form of chemical energ ...
... C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O +38 ATP There are four main steps in aerobic respiration: 1. Glycolysis is a series of enzyme catalyzed reaction by which glucose molecule is converted into two molecules of pyruvate. The products are NADH, ATP, and pyruvate. NADH and ATP are two form of chemical energ ...
Notes from Dr
... –Two hydrogens are transferred to FAD, forming FADH2 which travels to the electron transport chain –A water molecule is added which rearranges bonds in the substrate –The substrate is then oxidized, reducing NAD+ to NADH and regenerating oxaloacetate –The cycle begins again for a second time to ful ...
... –Two hydrogens are transferred to FAD, forming FADH2 which travels to the electron transport chain –A water molecule is added which rearranges bonds in the substrate –The substrate is then oxidized, reducing NAD+ to NADH and regenerating oxaloacetate –The cycle begins again for a second time to ful ...
ocean_10_lecture_10
... CH 12 Marine Life and the Marine Environment • There are more than 250,000 identified marine species • Most live in sunlit surface seawater • A species’ success depends on the ability to o find food o avoid predation o reproduce o cope with physical barriers to movement • Marine organisms are adapt ...
... CH 12 Marine Life and the Marine Environment • There are more than 250,000 identified marine species • Most live in sunlit surface seawater • A species’ success depends on the ability to o find food o avoid predation o reproduce o cope with physical barriers to movement • Marine organisms are adapt ...
Chapter 7 Cellular Respiration
... released as waste, and energy, which is stored as 4 ATP molecules and 12 reduced coenzymes (NADH and FADH2). Most of the free energy stored in NADH and FADH2 will be transformed to ATP in the final stage of aerobic respiration, chemiosmosis, and electron transport. By the end of aerobic respiration, ...
... released as waste, and energy, which is stored as 4 ATP molecules and 12 reduced coenzymes (NADH and FADH2). Most of the free energy stored in NADH and FADH2 will be transformed to ATP in the final stage of aerobic respiration, chemiosmosis, and electron transport. By the end of aerobic respiration, ...
lecture notes-metabolism pathways-complete notes
... Metabolism: a complete set of chemical reactions that occur in living cells, allowing cells to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. Major challenges in bioprocess development: To select an organism that can efficiently make a given product or digest waste ...
... Metabolism: a complete set of chemical reactions that occur in living cells, allowing cells to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. Major challenges in bioprocess development: To select an organism that can efficiently make a given product or digest waste ...
Chapter 2.3: Carbon Compounds
... 1. A catalyst is a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy of the reaction. a. An enzyme is a protein that act as biological ...
... 1. A catalyst is a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy of the reaction. a. An enzyme is a protein that act as biological ...
THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE
... (the ‘proton-motive force’), which is ‘released’ and transformed into a form able to do work when protons are allowed to flow down the gradient, back into the matrix. Photosynthesis and many other biological energy transformations involve similar proton gradients. In fact, it has gradually been real ...
... (the ‘proton-motive force’), which is ‘released’ and transformed into a form able to do work when protons are allowed to flow down the gradient, back into the matrix. Photosynthesis and many other biological energy transformations involve similar proton gradients. In fact, it has gradually been real ...
9/19/14 Notes on Macromolecules (powerpoint)
... • Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. • There are 20 different amino acids found in proteins, each with a different chemical structure. ...
... • Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. • There are 20 different amino acids found in proteins, each with a different chemical structure. ...
Microbial metabolism
Microbial metabolism is the means by which a microbe obtains the energy and nutrients (e.g. carbon) it needs to live and reproduce. Microbes use many different types of metabolic strategies and species can often be differentiated from each other based on metabolic characteristics. The specific metabolic properties of a microbe are the major factors in determining that microbe’s ecological niche, and often allow for that microbe to be useful in industrial processes or responsible for biogeochemical cycles.== Types of microbial metabolism ==All microbial metabolisms can be arranged according to three principles:1. How the organism obtains carbon for synthesising cell mass: autotrophic – carbon is obtained from carbon dioxide (CO2) heterotrophic – carbon is obtained from organic compounds mixotrophic – carbon is obtained from both organic compounds and by fixing carbon dioxide2. How the organism obtains reducing equivalents used either in energy conservation or in biosynthetic reactions: lithotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from inorganic compounds organotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from organic compounds3. How the organism obtains energy for living and growing: chemotrophic – energy is obtained from external chemical compounds phototrophic – energy is obtained from lightIn practice, these terms are almost freely combined. Typical examples are as follows: chemolithoautotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide. Examples: Nitrifying bacteria, Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, Iron-oxidizing bacteria, Knallgas-bacteria photolithoautotrophs obtain energy from light and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide, using reducing equivalents from inorganic compounds. Examples: Cyanobacteria (water (H2O) as reducing equivalent donor), Chlorobiaceae, Chromatiaceae (hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as reducing equivalent donor), Chloroflexus (hydrogen (H2) as reducing equivalent donor) chemolithoheterotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, but cannot fix carbon dioxide (CO2). Examples: some Thiobacilus, some Beggiatoa, some Nitrobacter spp., Wolinella (with H2 as reducing equivalent donor), some Knallgas-bacteria, some sulfate-reducing bacteria chemoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy, carbon, and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Examples: most bacteria, e. g. Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp., Actinobacteria photoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy from light, carbon and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Some species are strictly heterotrophic, many others can also fix carbon dioxide and are mixotrophic. Examples: Rhodobacter, Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodospirillum, Rhodomicrobium, Rhodocyclus, Heliobacterium, Chloroflexus (alternatively to photolithoautotrophy with hydrogen)