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Carbon Isotope Fractionation by Autotrophic Bacteria with Three
Carbon Isotope Fractionation by Autotrophic Bacteria with Three

Bacteria - Distribution Access
Bacteria - Distribution Access

... its genetic information, swells up and splits, creating two identical cells. Under ideal conditions, some bacteria can double their numbers every 20 minutes! All living things have a partnership with bacteria.The Earth itself depends upon bacteria as a major agent in decomposition.These decomposers ...
AP_Biology_files/review guide 9,12,13,14
AP_Biology_files/review guide 9,12,13,14

... 2. Describe where cell respiration (glycolysis, Kreb’s cycle, & electron transport) occurs in the cell. 3. List the reactants required for glycolysis, Kreb’s, and electron transport. 4. Define glycolysis. 5. Describe how the carbon skeleton of glucose changes as it proceeds through glycolysis using ...
1. The molecule that is most directly used to power different cell
1. The molecule that is most directly used to power different cell

BIOC*4520 - University of Guelph
BIOC*4520 - University of Guelph

... Voet and Voet, Biochemistry - 3d Edition, 2004, Berg, Tymoczko and Stryer, Biochemistry 6th Edition, 2006; Voet and Voet 2nd Edition, 1995; Matthews, Van Holde, Ahern, Biochemistry - 43th Edition, 2012; McKee and McKee, Mol. Basis of Life, 5th Edition 2012; or Lehninger’s Biochemistry, Nelson & Cox, ...
Cell Energy Part 3 – Respiration
Cell Energy Part 3 – Respiration

... 3rd stage of cell respiration where e- from the Krebs Cycle are used to convert ADP into ATP e- are passed from NADH and FADH2 to a series of carrier proteins that are embedded in the inner membrane of a mitochondrion As the e- pass from one protein to the next, H+ ions are pulled from the matrix in ...
Ecology
Ecology

... Ecologists divide the species in a ecosystem into trophic levels on the basis of their main food source. Primary Producers (autotrophs): Most are photosynthetic organisms which use light to synthesize sugars and other organic compounds, which they then use as fuel. For cellular respiration and as bu ...
Nutrition
Nutrition

... 3) 2 FADH2 (Krebs only) 4) 2 ATP (Krebs only) F) All NADH & FADH2 produced up to this point will enter the next step 5. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) – occurs on the cristae of the mitochondria A) Involves membrane proteins acting as H+ pumps that will release energy as an electron is transferred f ...
Chapter 9
Chapter 9

... During cellular respiration, most energy flows in this sequence: glucose  NADH  electron transport chain  proton-motive force  ATP ...
Cellular Respiration notes
Cellular Respiration notes

... into pyruvate (3C), with energy transferred to make 4 ATP (substrate phosphorylation).
 f. Although glycolysis makes 4 ATP, the net ATP production by this step is 2 ATP (because 2 ATP were used to start glycolysis). The 2 net ATP are available for cell use.
 g. If oxygen is available to the cell, th ...
the chemistry of organic molecules
the chemistry of organic molecules

... 3. Polysaccharides-sugars that are composed of more than 2 monosaccharides that are covalently bonded together. These are often very large molecules. a. What types of reactions are these formed by? b. Types of Polysaccharides 1. Starch-a stored form of glucose in plant cells. Plants can use starch f ...
Cell respiration Practice
Cell respiration Practice

I CAN write Chemical formulas
I CAN write Chemical formulas

... 1. Write the oxidation number above each element. 2. Cross the oxidation numbers and write the oxidation number (without plus or minus) of one element as the subscript of the other element. 3. Reduce the subscripts (number of atoms) to their simplest form, if needed. WHAT IS THE CHEMICAL FORMULA FO ...
printer-friendly version
printer-friendly version

... 1. Which statement illustrates a biotic factor interacting with an abiotic factor? a. A sea turtle transporting a pilot fish to a source of food. b. A rock moving during an earthquake c. A plant absorbs sunlight, which is used for photosynthesis. d. Wind cause waves to form on a lake. 2. The presenc ...
Bio-Macromolecules Worksheet
Bio-Macromolecules Worksheet

... condensation as water is produced when the monomers are bonded together. To break the polymers down again the reaction is called hydrolysis. Notice how water is used or produced in these two reactions shown to the right There are four classes of macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and n ...
O usually has oxidation number of -2, except in peroxides where it is
O usually has oxidation number of -2, except in peroxides where it is

... The sum of the oxidation numbers of the elements in a polyatomic ion must equal the ion charge. Consider these examples. If there are two poly atomic ions in a compound deal with them first. ...
Ecosystem Unit
Ecosystem Unit

... 4. Phosphorus 5. Sulfur ...
Chapter 3 Chemistry of Life Modern Biology Textbook Holt
Chapter 3 Chemistry of Life Modern Biology Textbook Holt

... • Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) stores and releases energy during cell processes, enabling organisms to function. • ATP is the fuel/energy for life! ...
Note 4.2 - Aerobic Respiration
Note 4.2 - Aerobic Respiration

Re-typed from The Ultimate Chemical Equations Handbook by
Re-typed from The Ultimate Chemical Equations Handbook by

... 3. Begin by balancing elements that are only found in one substance on each side. 4. Balance oxygen and hydrogen LAST – they usually balance out at the end or perhaps only the number of water molecules needs to be adjusted. 5. If there is an odd number of an element on one side and an even number on ...
Continental Margin
Continental Margin

... 2. Nekton (swimmers) 3. Benthos (bottom dwellers) ...
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration: Original
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration: Original

... Cellular Respiration Vocabulary calorie anaerobic glycolysis aerobic cellular respiration Krebs cycle NAD+ electron transport Fermentation chain ...
Chapter 16 - Enterobacteriaceae
Chapter 16 - Enterobacteriaceae

...  Extremely potent against anaerobes  “D” test • Detects resistance to clindamycin based on past treatment with erythromycin ...
Unit 3: Energy systems
Unit 3: Energy systems

... This is also called the Krebs cycle. When oxygen is present, ________________ is produced from the pyruvate molecules created from glycolysis. When oxygen is present, the mitochondria will undergo aerobic respiration which leads to the Krebs cycle. However, if oxygen is not present, fermentation of ...
Chapter 36
Chapter 36

... a. herbivores only eat a fraction of plant material b. can’t digest everything they eat c. that which is absorbed by herbivore i. 2/3 as fuel for cellular resp. (making ATP) ii. only 1/3 left over to be consumed by the next level iii. This same process continues up the food chain iv. Result: Amount ...
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Microbial metabolism



Microbial metabolism is the means by which a microbe obtains the energy and nutrients (e.g. carbon) it needs to live and reproduce. Microbes use many different types of metabolic strategies and species can often be differentiated from each other based on metabolic characteristics. The specific metabolic properties of a microbe are the major factors in determining that microbe’s ecological niche, and often allow for that microbe to be useful in industrial processes or responsible for biogeochemical cycles.== Types of microbial metabolism ==All microbial metabolisms can be arranged according to three principles:1. How the organism obtains carbon for synthesising cell mass: autotrophic – carbon is obtained from carbon dioxide (CO2) heterotrophic – carbon is obtained from organic compounds mixotrophic – carbon is obtained from both organic compounds and by fixing carbon dioxide2. How the organism obtains reducing equivalents used either in energy conservation or in biosynthetic reactions: lithotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from inorganic compounds organotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from organic compounds3. How the organism obtains energy for living and growing: chemotrophic – energy is obtained from external chemical compounds phototrophic – energy is obtained from lightIn practice, these terms are almost freely combined. Typical examples are as follows: chemolithoautotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide. Examples: Nitrifying bacteria, Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, Iron-oxidizing bacteria, Knallgas-bacteria photolithoautotrophs obtain energy from light and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide, using reducing equivalents from inorganic compounds. Examples: Cyanobacteria (water (H2O) as reducing equivalent donor), Chlorobiaceae, Chromatiaceae (hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as reducing equivalent donor), Chloroflexus (hydrogen (H2) as reducing equivalent donor) chemolithoheterotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, but cannot fix carbon dioxide (CO2). Examples: some Thiobacilus, some Beggiatoa, some Nitrobacter spp., Wolinella (with H2 as reducing equivalent donor), some Knallgas-bacteria, some sulfate-reducing bacteria chemoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy, carbon, and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Examples: most bacteria, e. g. Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp., Actinobacteria photoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy from light, carbon and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Some species are strictly heterotrophic, many others can also fix carbon dioxide and are mixotrophic. Examples: Rhodobacter, Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodospirillum, Rhodomicrobium, Rhodocyclus, Heliobacterium, Chloroflexus (alternatively to photolithoautotrophy with hydrogen)
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