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genetic code table
genetic code table

... 3. The start codon for the sequence that when translated would give rise to a protein. Using the genetic code table provided on page 6, and starting with the start codon, translate the first 21 nucleotides into their appropriate amino acids. (4 marks) Amino acid ...
Biologically Assembled Nanobiocatalysts Heejae Kim Qing Sun
Biologically Assembled Nanobiocatalysts Heejae Kim Qing Sun

... when fused with enzymes either at the N- or C-terminus, allow direct immobilization onto different nanomaterials. In one example, a genetically linked alkaline phosphatase (AP)-gold binding peptide (GBP1) was self-immobilized onto micro-patterned gold substrates through the binding of GBP1 to gold [ ...
Citric Acid Cycle: Central Role in Catabolism Entry of Pyruvate into
Citric Acid Cycle: Central Role in Catabolism Entry of Pyruvate into

... The enzyme is a complex similar to PDH and the coenzymes TPP, lipoamide and FAD are required. CO2 is removed, NADH is formed from NAD+ and a thioester bond is formed with CoASH to form succinylCoA. 5. Hydrolysis of the thioester of Succinyl CoA releases ~31 kJ/mol which is captured for the synthesis ...
Representations of 3D Structures
Representations of 3D Structures

... •The computer program also contains information about amino acids, bond lengths/angles and standard information about atom-atom interactions such as minimum distance (i.e. Van der Waals radii) •With all this information you can generate a model of the structure. Important: NMR gives you a number of ...
2.277 December 2004 Final Exam
2.277 December 2004 Final Exam

... 3) Phospholipid molecules in bilayers can move laterally and can also move from one side of the bilayer to the other. 4) Polar molecules can easily cross a phospholipid bilayer 5) All of the above are true ...
Hybrid tryptophan aporepressor containing ligand binding sites
Hybrid tryptophan aporepressor containing ligand binding sites

... pressor and repressor suggests that the binding of indole J. Amer. Med. Assoc, 218:1026-1035 (1971); Bennet et analogs results in subtle changes in the orientation of D al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 73:2351-2355 (1976); 30 and E relative to the stationary hydrophobic core of the Zurawski et al., ...
Topic 16 specification content - A
Topic 16 specification content - A

NUCLEOTIDES Occurrence Nucleotides are present in all types of
NUCLEOTIDES Occurrence Nucleotides are present in all types of

... Two co-enzymes, which are dinucleotides are NAD+ (NADP+) and FAD. But in these dinucleotides, nucleotides are held together through anhydride linkage formed between phosphate of first nucleotide and phosphate of second nucleotide . Further in FAD the glycosidic linkage between sugar and base is abse ...
Energy and Life
Energy and Life

... held in fixed positions and the two coenzymes that carry electrons from one complex to the next. Enzymes of the electron transport chain are imbedded in the inner membrane of mitochondria. Ultimately, water will be produced from these hydrogen and electron and The O2 we breathe in. Pearson Prentice ...
A Study of the Asp110–Glu112 Region of EcoRII Restriction
A Study of the Asp110–Glu112 Region of EcoRII Restriction

Study Guide for Transcription.
Study Guide for Transcription.

... into protein. Exons are the sequences in the primary transcript that become part of the messenger RNA that is transported into the cytoplasm. --most but not all eukaryotic genes have introns. --introns are spliced out by spliceosomes, which are assembled from several snRNPs, which are protein/RNA hy ...
Student notes in ppt
Student notes in ppt

... active conformation is dephosphorylated) and allosteric mechanisms (citrate binding stimulates activity, palmitoyl-CoA inhibits activity). ...
Enzymes
Enzymes

... must synthesize enzymes continuously. The DNA of the cell has the "blueprint" for making enzymes. 7) Name of enzymes: Enzymes end in the letters "ASE" (KNOW THIS!!!) They are usually named after the substrate that it acts upon ...
biochemistry - Textbooks Online
biochemistry - Textbooks Online

... If a protein solution is separated by a semipermeable membrane from pure water, water tends to flow from the latter to the former. The property of the movement of solvent particles is called as osmosis. Osmosis is the net diffusion of water from the dilute solution to the concentrated solution. Osmo ...
lec32_F2015
lec32_F2015

... for funneling the products of -oxidation (NADH and FADH2) to E. transport. C. -Oxidation (Mito. matrix): Acyl-CoA is shortened 2 carbons at a time from the carboxyl end of the fatty acid using the following steps: 1. Formation of trans - double bond by acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, an FAD enzyme. 2. A ...
Supplementary materials
Supplementary materials

... protein gels. Left panel: 2-D patterns of the soluble-fraction proteins isolated from S. oneidensis MR-1 after whole-cell lysate. Proteins were separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis with isoeletric focusing in the first dimension and sodium dodecyl sulfate electrophoresis in the second di ...
CHEMICAL REACTIONS, ENZYMES, ATP, CELLULAR
CHEMICAL REACTIONS, ENZYMES, ATP, CELLULAR

... 22. What  bond  in  an  ATP  molecule  is  broken  to  release  energy?   23. Sketch  an  ATP  molecule  and  label  its  three  parts.   24. How  are  ATP  and  ADP  different?   Mitochondrial  Structure  (mitochondrian  coloring  workshee ...
[j26]Chapter 5#
[j26]Chapter 5#

... Complete the sentences below by writing in the space or spaces the correct metabolic process or term related to metabolism. Notice that the number of blank spaces corresponds to the number of words in the process or term. The same process may be written more than once. All of the reactions in the bo ...
Structure-Function Analysis of the UDP-N-acetyl-D
Structure-Function Analysis of the UDP-N-acetyl-D

... essential to catalytic activity (7, 9, 11). Such carboxylic acid residues may be involved in different aspects of the catalytic process. First, glycosyltransferases (including ppGaNTases) that retain the anomeric configuration of the sugar-nucleotide bond are thought to work via a double displacemen ...
- David R. Liu
- David R. Liu

... Living systems must solve an enormous number of chemical challenges in order to sustain life. These challenges include the replication of genetic information and the translation of this information into functional molecules that mediate biological processes and maintain cellular structure. The molec ...
Dosyayı İndir
Dosyayı İndir

... This is the final conformation of proteins that are composed of a single polypeptide Structure determined by hydrophobic and ionic interactions as well as hydrogen bonds and Van der Waals interactions ...
Protein structure is conceptually divided into four levels of organization
Protein structure is conceptually divided into four levels of organization

Metabolism II
Metabolism II

... - Biuret reaction: is a method that can be used to determine the amount of soluble protein in a solution. - It is used in the detection and estimation of proteins and peptides. - The reaction is characterized by a blue-violet color upon the addition of cupper sulfate to any compound containing more ...
Binding of the EcoRII methyltransferase to 5
Binding of the EcoRII methyltransferase to 5

Modes of Macromolecular Classification
Modes of Macromolecular Classification

... But how are we to understand tertiary structure? We might abstract away from the peptide bonds (the links between individual amino acids) and think of a protein’s three-dimensional structure as simply the relative location of individual amino acids (in the manner we think of a crystalline structure ...
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Biosynthesis



Biosynthesis (also called biogenesis or anabolism) is a multi-step, enzyme-catalyzed process where substrates are converted into more complex products in living organisms. In biosynthesis, simple compounds are modified, converted into other compounds, or joined together to form macromolecules. This process often consists of metabolic pathways. Some of these biosynthetic pathways are located within a single cellular organelle, while others involve enzymes that are located within multiple cellular organelles. Examples of these biosynthetic pathways include the production of lipid membrane components and nucleotides.The prerequisite elements for biosynthesis include: precursor compounds, chemical energy (e.g. ATP), and catalytic enzymes which may require coenzymes (e.g.NADH, NADPH). These elements create monomers, the building blocks for macromolecules. Some important biological macromolecules include: proteins, which are composed of amino acid monomers joined via peptide bonds, and DNA molecules, which are composed of nucleotides joined via phosphodiester bonds.
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