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Evolutionary relationship and application of a superfamily of cyclic
Evolutionary relationship and application of a superfamily of cyclic

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... 1. 26/104 amino acids residues have been invariant for > 1.5 x 109 years. 2. Met 80 and His 18 - coordinate Fe. 3. 11 residues from number 70 - 80 lining a hydrophobic crevice have remained virtually unchanged throughout all cytochrome c regardless of species or even kingdom. 4. A number of invarian ...
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... Szathmary (1992, 2003) proposed a model which yields the result that two different base pairs represent an optimal compromise between the overall copying fidelity and an overall reproduction rate (metabolic efficiency). He assumed that the genetic code was developed before evolution invented proofre ...
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... 3. The start codon for the sequence that when translated would give rise to a protein. Using the genetic code table provided on page 6, and starting with the start codon, translate the first 21 nucleotides into their appropriate amino acids. (4 marks) Amino acid ...
< 1 ... 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 ... 774 >

Biosynthesis



Biosynthesis (also called biogenesis or anabolism) is a multi-step, enzyme-catalyzed process where substrates are converted into more complex products in living organisms. In biosynthesis, simple compounds are modified, converted into other compounds, or joined together to form macromolecules. This process often consists of metabolic pathways. Some of these biosynthetic pathways are located within a single cellular organelle, while others involve enzymes that are located within multiple cellular organelles. Examples of these biosynthetic pathways include the production of lipid membrane components and nucleotides.The prerequisite elements for biosynthesis include: precursor compounds, chemical energy (e.g. ATP), and catalytic enzymes which may require coenzymes (e.g.NADH, NADPH). These elements create monomers, the building blocks for macromolecules. Some important biological macromolecules include: proteins, which are composed of amino acid monomers joined via peptide bonds, and DNA molecules, which are composed of nucleotides joined via phosphodiester bonds.
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