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Review: Derivatization in mass spectrometry—6. Formation of mixed
... of amino acids by GC/chemical ionization (CI)-MS in selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode.7 The [M + H]+ ion base peaks were chosen for the analysis performed at the nanomole level. One of the recent applications of such derivatives is quantitative analysis of amino acids for rapid diagnosis of phenylk ...
... of amino acids by GC/chemical ionization (CI)-MS in selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode.7 The [M + H]+ ion base peaks were chosen for the analysis performed at the nanomole level. One of the recent applications of such derivatives is quantitative analysis of amino acids for rapid diagnosis of phenylk ...
Hypothesis: Hypoxia induces de novo synthesis of NeuGc
... proteins from the SCL-family were detected, of which four were up-regulated [32]. One of them was the GM3 synthase (ST3GAL5/SLC35E1) responsible for catalyzing the covalent addition of sialic acid to lactosylceramide to generate the GM3 ganglioside. We found, using SILAC, that GM3 synthase was up-re ...
... proteins from the SCL-family were detected, of which four were up-regulated [32]. One of them was the GM3 synthase (ST3GAL5/SLC35E1) responsible for catalyzing the covalent addition of sialic acid to lactosylceramide to generate the GM3 ganglioside. We found, using SILAC, that GM3 synthase was up-re ...
2.9 What Are Nucleic Acids?
... Organic Molecule Synthesis Polymers are broken apart through hydrolysis (“water cutting”) Water is broken into H and OH and used to break the bond between monomers ...
... Organic Molecule Synthesis Polymers are broken apart through hydrolysis (“water cutting”) Water is broken into H and OH and used to break the bond between monomers ...
Unit F214 - Communication, homeostasis and energy
... idea of increased acidity (as CO2 / lactate builds up) interfering with / affects , enzymes / respiratory metabolism ; 2 max ...
... idea of increased acidity (as CO2 / lactate builds up) interfering with / affects , enzymes / respiratory metabolism ; 2 max ...
Sequential Expression of Macromolecule
... sharply during the first 10h of fermentation, before the onset of antibiotic synthesis. The was actively ATP generated via rapid respiration at this time (Martin & McDaniel, 1975~1) used in the synthesis of macromolecules (RNA and protein) and thus decreased rapidly. As long as phosphate does not be ...
... sharply during the first 10h of fermentation, before the onset of antibiotic synthesis. The was actively ATP generated via rapid respiration at this time (Martin & McDaniel, 1975~1) used in the synthesis of macromolecules (RNA and protein) and thus decreased rapidly. As long as phosphate does not be ...
(2002) assessed amino acid turnover in a culture media and
... Metabolome is generally defined as the identification and quantification of all metabolites expressed from a biological sample, such as granulosa cells or embryos, aimed at understanding their functions, their interactions and their contribution to biological processes (Ferreira et al., 2010). In as ...
... Metabolome is generally defined as the identification and quantification of all metabolites expressed from a biological sample, such as granulosa cells or embryos, aimed at understanding their functions, their interactions and their contribution to biological processes (Ferreira et al., 2010). In as ...
PIPER INDUCED HEPATOTOXICITY IN RATS LONGUM
... formation of hepatotoxic free radicals. Numerous physiological and biochemical processes in the human body may produce oxygen centered free radical and other reactive oxygen species and by products35. The site-specific oxidative damage in some susceptible amino acids of proteins is now regarded as t ...
... formation of hepatotoxic free radicals. Numerous physiological and biochemical processes in the human body may produce oxygen centered free radical and other reactive oxygen species and by products35. The site-specific oxidative damage in some susceptible amino acids of proteins is now regarded as t ...
A complete shikimate pathway in Toxoplasma gondii: an ancient
... polypeptide to have been studied in depth, we have compared the DHQ synthase domains from both the T. gondii and E. nidulans AROMs to determine if the key features are conserved between both proteins (Fig. 1D). All the key residues identified by Carpenter et al. (1998) which are known to be involved ...
... polypeptide to have been studied in depth, we have compared the DHQ synthase domains from both the T. gondii and E. nidulans AROMs to determine if the key features are conserved between both proteins (Fig. 1D). All the key residues identified by Carpenter et al. (1998) which are known to be involved ...
Histone Deacetylase 4 Antibody
... Histone deacetylase (HDAC) and histone acetyltransferase (HAT) are enzymes that regulate transcription by selectively deacetylating or acetylating the eta-amino groups of lysines located near the amino termini of core histone proteins. Eight members of HDAC family have been identified in the past se ...
... Histone deacetylase (HDAC) and histone acetyltransferase (HAT) are enzymes that regulate transcription by selectively deacetylating or acetylating the eta-amino groups of lysines located near the amino termini of core histone proteins. Eight members of HDAC family have been identified in the past se ...
Evidence for the presence of a glucosensor in hypothalamus
... distinct grouping called the Brockmann bodies (BB) exists near to the gall bladder. The BB are formed by endocrine cells, mainly -cells with fewer - and -cells than found in the mammalian Islets of Langerhans (44). Little information is reported in fish regarding the presence of glucosensors in panc ...
... distinct grouping called the Brockmann bodies (BB) exists near to the gall bladder. The BB are formed by endocrine cells, mainly -cells with fewer - and -cells than found in the mammalian Islets of Langerhans (44). Little information is reported in fish regarding the presence of glucosensors in panc ...
Variation in the link between oxygen consumption and ATP
... be related to any, if not all, of these processes. Energy derived from nutrients (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins) becomes usable only after being transformed into high-energy phosphate bonds in molecules of ATP. ATP is the principal energy source for most cellular functions, such as DNA, RNA and pr ...
... be related to any, if not all, of these processes. Energy derived from nutrients (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins) becomes usable only after being transformed into high-energy phosphate bonds in molecules of ATP. ATP is the principal energy source for most cellular functions, such as DNA, RNA and pr ...
Mitochondrial Membrane Potential in Cardiac
... Mitochondria are primarily ATP generators. This is far from trivial: ATP is the major currency in the energy economy in all living things, from bacteria to plants and humans. It is necessary for the phosphorylation reactions that modulate so many fundamental cellular processes. It may be stored and ...
... Mitochondria are primarily ATP generators. This is far from trivial: ATP is the major currency in the energy economy in all living things, from bacteria to plants and humans. It is necessary for the phosphorylation reactions that modulate so many fundamental cellular processes. It may be stored and ...
Variability of Wax Ester Fermentation in Natural and Bleached
... metabolism in Euglena differs from that in Chlamydomonas in that it employs some enzymes shared with hydrogenosomes, but generates very different end products. Several Euglena species can grow at very low oxygen concentrations (Buetow 1989a): Euglena gracilis can survive up to 6 mo of hypoxia when g ...
... metabolism in Euglena differs from that in Chlamydomonas in that it employs some enzymes shared with hydrogenosomes, but generates very different end products. Several Euglena species can grow at very low oxygen concentrations (Buetow 1989a): Euglena gracilis can survive up to 6 mo of hypoxia when g ...
RenalTubularTransportof AminoAcids
... which occurs in the nephron. Although many workers since then have studied the nature and localization of the reabsorptive mechanism, progress has been slow because of the technical difficulties of micropuncture work. The bulk of filtered amino nitrogen is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule although ...
... which occurs in the nephron. Although many workers since then have studied the nature and localization of the reabsorptive mechanism, progress has been slow because of the technical difficulties of micropuncture work. The bulk of filtered amino nitrogen is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule although ...
Metabolism of acyl‐lipids in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
... microalgae has been deduced from well characterized pathways of fungi and land plants, but recent advances in molecular and genetic analyses of microalgae have uncovered unique features, pointing out the necessity to study lipid metabolism in microalgae themselves. In the past 10 years, in addition ...
... microalgae has been deduced from well characterized pathways of fungi and land plants, but recent advances in molecular and genetic analyses of microalgae have uncovered unique features, pointing out the necessity to study lipid metabolism in microalgae themselves. In the past 10 years, in addition ...
13-16-ET-V1-S1__prod..
... would about annihilate an accustomed abundant cell. To access their longevity, these spores are generally kept in a cyropreservative aqueous medium and are in frozen state. To activate the fermentation process, a small amount of these spores will be added into a small (normally 250-500ml) conical fl ...
... would about annihilate an accustomed abundant cell. To access their longevity, these spores are generally kept in a cyropreservative aqueous medium and are in frozen state. To activate the fermentation process, a small amount of these spores will be added into a small (normally 250-500ml) conical fl ...
Structural Biochemistry/Enzyme/Active Site
... An active site is the part of an enzyme that directly binds to a substrate and carries a reaction. It contains catalytic groups which are amino acids that promote formation and degradation of bonds. By forming and breaking these bonds, enzyme and substrate interaction promotes the formation of the t ...
... An active site is the part of an enzyme that directly binds to a substrate and carries a reaction. It contains catalytic groups which are amino acids that promote formation and degradation of bonds. By forming and breaking these bonds, enzyme and substrate interaction promotes the formation of the t ...
Characterization of the mineral phosphate solubilizing activity of
... Traditional production of P fertilizers is based on chemical processing of insoluble mineral phosphate high-grade ore, which includes an energy intensive treatment with sulfuric acid at high temperature. This process has become an environmentally undesirable and costly aVair (Vassilev et al. 2006). ...
... Traditional production of P fertilizers is based on chemical processing of insoluble mineral phosphate high-grade ore, which includes an energy intensive treatment with sulfuric acid at high temperature. This process has become an environmentally undesirable and costly aVair (Vassilev et al. 2006). ...
Biologically active octapeptides
... tion, the fragments can be easily dispersed into single groups to be employed in preparing the compounds of cells by repeated suction and expulsion from a Gilson this invention remains a matter well within one ordinar Pipetman. After 30 to 60 Pipetman operations, the tissue ily skilled in the art, i ...
... tion, the fragments can be easily dispersed into single groups to be employed in preparing the compounds of cells by repeated suction and expulsion from a Gilson this invention remains a matter well within one ordinar Pipetman. After 30 to 60 Pipetman operations, the tissue ily skilled in the art, i ...
MUSCLE PROTEINS
... Recall that vigorous exercise can lead to a buildup of lactate and NADH, due to oxygen shortage and the need for more glycolysis NADH can be reoxidized during the reduction of pyruvate to lactate Lactate is then returned to the liver, where it can be reoxidized to pyruvate by liver LDH Liver provide ...
... Recall that vigorous exercise can lead to a buildup of lactate and NADH, due to oxygen shortage and the need for more glycolysis NADH can be reoxidized during the reduction of pyruvate to lactate Lactate is then returned to the liver, where it can be reoxidized to pyruvate by liver LDH Liver provide ...
PDF
... measured remained insufficient to compensate for the lack of balance between the oxygen taken up and the lactate consumed (Legname, 1966). Even taking into account the rise of a-ketoglutarate, this problem remains unsolved. Two alternative explanations are possible: (1) the probable accumulation of ...
... measured remained insufficient to compensate for the lack of balance between the oxygen taken up and the lactate consumed (Legname, 1966). Even taking into account the rise of a-ketoglutarate, this problem remains unsolved. Two alternative explanations are possible: (1) the probable accumulation of ...
Using NMR Metabolomics to Investigate Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle
... are regulated by environmental and nutritional signals (2). Accordingly, a major area of interest in microbiology is determining how bacteria “sense” and respond to environmental signals. Given the tremendous diversity of microbial life, it is not surprising that the mechanisms bacteria employ are e ...
... are regulated by environmental and nutritional signals (2). Accordingly, a major area of interest in microbiology is determining how bacteria “sense” and respond to environmental signals. Given the tremendous diversity of microbial life, it is not surprising that the mechanisms bacteria employ are e ...
Metabolism
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/ATP-3D-vdW.png?width=300)
Metabolism (from Greek: μεταβολή metabolē, ""change"") is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of living organisms. These enzyme-catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. The word metabolism can also refer to all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms, including digestion and the transport of substances into and between different cells, in which case the set of reactions within the cells is called intermediary metabolism or intermediate metabolism.Metabolism is usually divided into two categories: catabolism, the breaking down of organic matter by way of cellular respiration, and anabolism, the building up of components of cells such as proteins and nucleic acids. Usually, breaking down releases energy and building up consumes energy.The chemical reactions of metabolism are organized into metabolic pathways, in which one chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical, by a sequence of enzymes. Enzymes are crucial to metabolism because they allow organisms to drive desirable reactions that require energy that will not occur by themselves, by coupling them to spontaneous reactions that release energy. Enzymes act as catalysts that allow the reactions to proceed more rapidly. Enzymes also allow the regulation of metabolic pathways in response to changes in the cell's environment or to signals from other cells.The metabolic system of a particular organism determines which substances it will find nutritious and which poisonous. For example, some prokaryotes use hydrogen sulfide as a nutrient, yet this gas is poisonous to animals. The speed of metabolism, the metabolic rate, influences how much food an organism will require, and also affects how it is able to obtain that food.A striking feature of metabolism is the similarity of the basic metabolic pathways and components between even vastly different species. For example, the set of carboxylic acids that are best known as the intermediates in the citric acid cycle are present in all known organisms, being found in species as diverse as the unicellular bacterium Escherichia coli and huge multicellular organisms like elephants. These striking similarities in metabolic pathways are likely due to their early appearance in evolutionary history, and their retention because of their efficacy.