GLYCOLYSIS
... a. the -carbon Hydrogen is acidic (electrophilic) due to the presence of the carbonyl oxygen (and alcohol) b. carbon can only have four bonds c. arrows are always drawn from the electron pair to the ...
... a. the -carbon Hydrogen is acidic (electrophilic) due to the presence of the carbonyl oxygen (and alcohol) b. carbon can only have four bonds c. arrows are always drawn from the electron pair to the ...
CHAPTER 20 - AMINO ACID METABOLISM Introduction Amino acid
... with them. They contain a variety of proteases for this purpose, known as cathepsins. The internal pH of a lysosome is acidic (-5), and lysosomal proteases have optimal activities in this pH range. Presumably, the cell is protected from damage associated with accidental lysosomal leakage because the ...
... with them. They contain a variety of proteases for this purpose, known as cathepsins. The internal pH of a lysosome is acidic (-5), and lysosomal proteases have optimal activities in this pH range. Presumably, the cell is protected from damage associated with accidental lysosomal leakage because the ...
Lecture 12 “Cellular Respiration and Fermentation: Part I” PPT
... 7.) How is the energy yield from the CAC used to produce more ATP? a. The NADH and FADH2 produced during CAC then carry into the electron transport chain (ETC) 8.) Where in the cell does the electron transport chain occur? Are the NADH and FADH2 being oxidized or reduced during the ETC? a. Inner mem ...
... 7.) How is the energy yield from the CAC used to produce more ATP? a. The NADH and FADH2 produced during CAC then carry into the electron transport chain (ETC) 8.) Where in the cell does the electron transport chain occur? Are the NADH and FADH2 being oxidized or reduced during the ETC? a. Inner mem ...
Nitrate (NO3) + (e
... plasmid during conjugation Plasmid Small circular transferable DNA that contain extra genes; antibiotic resistance; metabolic ...
... plasmid during conjugation Plasmid Small circular transferable DNA that contain extra genes; antibiotic resistance; metabolic ...
Carbon and Biological Molecules Functional Groups Functional
... • Estradiol and testosterone (sex hormones) are steroids ...
... • Estradiol and testosterone (sex hormones) are steroids ...
L10v02b_-_citric_acid_cycle.stamped_doc
... NADH and FADH2 both function as electron carriers. NADH has higher energy electrons. [00:01:53.74] There's not enough energy being produced between steps five and six to produce another molecule of NADH. And rather than throwing that energy away, cells are able to save that energy in the form of a l ...
... NADH and FADH2 both function as electron carriers. NADH has higher energy electrons. [00:01:53.74] There's not enough energy being produced between steps five and six to produce another molecule of NADH. And rather than throwing that energy away, cells are able to save that energy in the form of a l ...
Lecture 3 - Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis 1 2 3 4
... Pyruvic acid is more oxidized than glucose The energy released from the oxidation is used to create 2 molecules of ATP from 2 ADP and 2 Pi This is an anaerobic process. Under anaerobic conditions the pyruvic acid can be fermented to lactic acid or to ethanol plus CO2. Under aerobic conditions, gluco ...
... Pyruvic acid is more oxidized than glucose The energy released from the oxidation is used to create 2 molecules of ATP from 2 ADP and 2 Pi This is an anaerobic process. Under anaerobic conditions the pyruvic acid can be fermented to lactic acid or to ethanol plus CO2. Under aerobic conditions, gluco ...
Lecture 3 - Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis
... Pyruvic acid is more oxidized than glucose The energy released from the oxidation is used to create 2 molecules of ATP from 2 ADP and 2 Pi This is an anaerobic process. Under anaerobic conditions the pyruvic acid can be fermented to lactic acid or to ethanol plus CO2. Under aerobic conditions, gluco ...
... Pyruvic acid is more oxidized than glucose The energy released from the oxidation is used to create 2 molecules of ATP from 2 ADP and 2 Pi This is an anaerobic process. Under anaerobic conditions the pyruvic acid can be fermented to lactic acid or to ethanol plus CO2. Under aerobic conditions, gluco ...
Muscle
... ATP coupling stoichiometry determines the Keq for metabolic sequence • The energy release accompanying ATP hydrolysis is transmitted to the unfavorable reaction so that the overall free energy for the coupled process is negative (favorable) – DG0’ for ATP hydrolysis is a large negative number – ATP ...
... ATP coupling stoichiometry determines the Keq for metabolic sequence • The energy release accompanying ATP hydrolysis is transmitted to the unfavorable reaction so that the overall free energy for the coupled process is negative (favorable) – DG0’ for ATP hydrolysis is a large negative number – ATP ...
Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy
... If intermediaries from the citric acid cycle are diverted to other uses (e.g., amino acid synthesis), glycolysis speeds up to replace these molecules. ...
... If intermediaries from the citric acid cycle are diverted to other uses (e.g., amino acid synthesis), glycolysis speeds up to replace these molecules. ...
CHM 130 Final Exam Review Chapter 1 Scientific method Theory
... Electron dot formulas Shapes of molecules (table given) Polar vs nonpolar covalent bonds Metallic bonds Polar vs nonpolar molecules Chapter 7 Ion charges (oxidation states) Writing ionic formulas ...
... Electron dot formulas Shapes of molecules (table given) Polar vs nonpolar covalent bonds Metallic bonds Polar vs nonpolar molecules Chapter 7 Ion charges (oxidation states) Writing ionic formulas ...
How energy
... Two kinds of energy source in living system: 1, ATP: hydrolysis of “high energy bond” to generate energy 2, redox reaction: electron transfer - electron donor (H2, H2S, NADH etc.) - electron acceptor (Oxygen, S) - energy released during the electron transfer. ...
... Two kinds of energy source in living system: 1, ATP: hydrolysis of “high energy bond” to generate energy 2, redox reaction: electron transfer - electron donor (H2, H2S, NADH etc.) - electron acceptor (Oxygen, S) - energy released during the electron transfer. ...
CHM 130 Final Exam Review
... Electron dot formulas Shapes of molecules (table given) Polar vs nonpolar covalent bonds Metallic bonds Polar vs nonpolar molecules ...
... Electron dot formulas Shapes of molecules (table given) Polar vs nonpolar covalent bonds Metallic bonds Polar vs nonpolar molecules ...
I Periodic table
... Dehydration Synthesis Dehydration Synthesis is a process whereby two monomers through the removal of a water molecule (s). A hydrogen is removed from on compound and a hydroxyl (OH) from the other leaving an oxygen to link the two molecules together. The reverse reaction of breaking up polymers is ...
... Dehydration Synthesis Dehydration Synthesis is a process whereby two monomers through the removal of a water molecule (s). A hydrogen is removed from on compound and a hydroxyl (OH) from the other leaving an oxygen to link the two molecules together. The reverse reaction of breaking up polymers is ...
AP Biology Study Guide – 2016
... Polymers are long chain molecules made of repeating subunits called monomers. Ex. Starch is a polymer composed of glucose monomer. Proteins are polymers composed of amino acid monomers. Dehydration reactions create polymers from monomers. Two monomers are joined by removing one molecule of water ...
... Polymers are long chain molecules made of repeating subunits called monomers. Ex. Starch is a polymer composed of glucose monomer. Proteins are polymers composed of amino acid monomers. Dehydration reactions create polymers from monomers. Two monomers are joined by removing one molecule of water ...
Name: Genetics Week 7 Review for Test 1. Figure 1 The diagram
... Ultraviolet radiation changes the DNA sequence within some leaves of the tree. Ultraviolet radiation changes the DNA sequence within the gametes of some flowers of the tree. An increase in temperature reduces the number of cell divisions in the roots. Rapidly growing cells just under the bark are ex ...
... Ultraviolet radiation changes the DNA sequence within some leaves of the tree. Ultraviolet radiation changes the DNA sequence within the gametes of some flowers of the tree. An increase in temperature reduces the number of cell divisions in the roots. Rapidly growing cells just under the bark are ex ...
C h e m g u i d e ... ALDEHYDES AND KETONES: SIMPLE ADDITION REACTIONS
... 1. Aldehydes and ketones undergo addition reactions involving hydrogen cyanide in which H and CN add on across the carbon-oxygen double bond. a) Why isn’t hydrogen cyanide itself normally used in these reactions? b) Give a mixture which can be used instead of starting with hydrogen cyanide itself. c ...
... 1. Aldehydes and ketones undergo addition reactions involving hydrogen cyanide in which H and CN add on across the carbon-oxygen double bond. a) Why isn’t hydrogen cyanide itself normally used in these reactions? b) Give a mixture which can be used instead of starting with hydrogen cyanide itself. c ...
Bio102 Problems
... C. This allows the organelle to have more copies of photosystems I and II and ATP synthase. D. The larger membrane improves its fluidity. ...
... C. This allows the organelle to have more copies of photosystems I and II and ATP synthase. D. The larger membrane improves its fluidity. ...
Brain Needs in Different Metabolic states
... Ketone bodies are more energetically efficient than either pyruvate or fatty acids because they are more reduced (greater hydrogen/carbon ratio) than pyruvate and do not uncouple the mitochondrial proton gradient as occurs with fatty acid metabolism. In contrast to glucose, ketone bodies by-pass cyt ...
... Ketone bodies are more energetically efficient than either pyruvate or fatty acids because they are more reduced (greater hydrogen/carbon ratio) than pyruvate and do not uncouple the mitochondrial proton gradient as occurs with fatty acid metabolism. In contrast to glucose, ketone bodies by-pass cyt ...
The Citric acid cycle
... The Citric acid cycle It is called the Krebs cycle or the tricarboxylic and is the “hub” of the metabolic system. It accounts for the majority of carbohydrate, fatty acid and amino acid oxidation. It also accounts for a majority of the generation of these compounds and others as well. Amphibolic - ...
... The Citric acid cycle It is called the Krebs cycle or the tricarboxylic and is the “hub” of the metabolic system. It accounts for the majority of carbohydrate, fatty acid and amino acid oxidation. It also accounts for a majority of the generation of these compounds and others as well. Amphibolic - ...
2. tissue - specific metabolism - cmb
... 3. Hepatic glycolisis produces pyruvate, acetylCoA and energy, even if the preferred fuel in liver cells for ATP production are fatty acids. 4. Acetyl-CoA can be used for fatty acids biosynthesis 5. Alternatively, glucose 6-phosphate can enter the pentose phosphate pathway, that produces both red ...
... 3. Hepatic glycolisis produces pyruvate, acetylCoA and energy, even if the preferred fuel in liver cells for ATP production are fatty acids. 4. Acetyl-CoA can be used for fatty acids biosynthesis 5. Alternatively, glucose 6-phosphate can enter the pentose phosphate pathway, that produces both red ...
Metabolism
Metabolism (from Greek: μεταβολή metabolē, ""change"") is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of living organisms. These enzyme-catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. The word metabolism can also refer to all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms, including digestion and the transport of substances into and between different cells, in which case the set of reactions within the cells is called intermediary metabolism or intermediate metabolism.Metabolism is usually divided into two categories: catabolism, the breaking down of organic matter by way of cellular respiration, and anabolism, the building up of components of cells such as proteins and nucleic acids. Usually, breaking down releases energy and building up consumes energy.The chemical reactions of metabolism are organized into metabolic pathways, in which one chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical, by a sequence of enzymes. Enzymes are crucial to metabolism because they allow organisms to drive desirable reactions that require energy that will not occur by themselves, by coupling them to spontaneous reactions that release energy. Enzymes act as catalysts that allow the reactions to proceed more rapidly. Enzymes also allow the regulation of metabolic pathways in response to changes in the cell's environment or to signals from other cells.The metabolic system of a particular organism determines which substances it will find nutritious and which poisonous. For example, some prokaryotes use hydrogen sulfide as a nutrient, yet this gas is poisonous to animals. The speed of metabolism, the metabolic rate, influences how much food an organism will require, and also affects how it is able to obtain that food.A striking feature of metabolism is the similarity of the basic metabolic pathways and components between even vastly different species. For example, the set of carboxylic acids that are best known as the intermediates in the citric acid cycle are present in all known organisms, being found in species as diverse as the unicellular bacterium Escherichia coli and huge multicellular organisms like elephants. These striking similarities in metabolic pathways are likely due to their early appearance in evolutionary history, and their retention because of their efficacy.