![Probing the origins of glutathione biosynthesis through biochemical](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/016251292_1-b1d7d8b5c8189f5c7690dfdd391d3abc-300x300.png)
Transamination and asymmetry in glutamate transport across the
... of L - g l u t a m a t e across the b a s o I a t e r a l m e m b r a n e of frog small-intestinal epithelium, unlike that of L-alanine, is highly asymmetric; thus the rate c o n s t a n t (.Kentry) describing the entry of glutamate into the eplthenum from the vascular bed across this membrane is on ...
... of L - g l u t a m a t e across the b a s o I a t e r a l m e m b r a n e of frog small-intestinal epithelium, unlike that of L-alanine, is highly asymmetric; thus the rate c o n s t a n t (.Kentry) describing the entry of glutamate into the eplthenum from the vascular bed across this membrane is on ...
Laboratory Evolution of Cytochrome P450 BM-3 Monooxygenase for Organic Cosolvents
... Point mutagenesis at low error rates explores only a very limited set of (primarily conservative) amino acid substitutions. We and others have observed that saturation mutagenesis performed at sites identified by error-prone PCR often generates further improvements. Taking double-mutant F87AB5 as th ...
... Point mutagenesis at low error rates explores only a very limited set of (primarily conservative) amino acid substitutions. We and others have observed that saturation mutagenesis performed at sites identified by error-prone PCR often generates further improvements. Taking double-mutant F87AB5 as th ...
Gonococcal outer-membrane protein PIB
... those from other serovars reveals that sequence variations occur in two discrete regions of the molecule centred on residues 1% (Varl) and 237 (Var2). A series of peptides spanning the amino acid sequence of the protein were synthesized on solid-phase supports and reacted with a panel of monoclonal ...
... those from other serovars reveals that sequence variations occur in two discrete regions of the molecule centred on residues 1% (Varl) and 237 (Var2). A series of peptides spanning the amino acid sequence of the protein were synthesized on solid-phase supports and reacted with a panel of monoclonal ...
International Journal of Tryptophan Research Specificity of the Acute
... half-life of 2–3 days, a slow axonal transport (∼7 mm per day)42 and its phosphorylation under optimal conditions enhances its activity by only 10%–30%.43 Moreover, none of these factors can influence the rate of Trp hydroxylation in vivo optimally without adequate levels of the Trp substrate. As Tr ...
... half-life of 2–3 days, a slow axonal transport (∼7 mm per day)42 and its phosphorylation under optimal conditions enhances its activity by only 10%–30%.43 Moreover, none of these factors can influence the rate of Trp hydroxylation in vivo optimally without adequate levels of the Trp substrate. As Tr ...
Chapter 16 - Lipid Metabolism
... Chapter 16 - Lipid Metabolism • Triacylglycerols (TGs) and glycogen are the two major forms of stored energy in vertebrates • Glycogen can supply ATP for muscle contraction for less than an hour • Sustained work is fueled by metabolism of TGs which are very efficient energy stores because: (1) They ...
... Chapter 16 - Lipid Metabolism • Triacylglycerols (TGs) and glycogen are the two major forms of stored energy in vertebrates • Glycogen can supply ATP for muscle contraction for less than an hour • Sustained work is fueled by metabolism of TGs which are very efficient energy stores because: (1) They ...
Enzymes - Warner Pacific College
... charged amino acids at the active site or on the substrate • pH changes affect the charge of such residues, and can disrupt ionic and hydrogen bonds ...
... charged amino acids at the active site or on the substrate • pH changes affect the charge of such residues, and can disrupt ionic and hydrogen bonds ...
Mini-Series: Modern Metabolic Concepts The Biochemistry of the
... dietary amino acids) is also utilized for the biosynthesis of lipids such as long chain fatty acids and cholesterol by lipogenic tissues (such as liver and adipose tissues and under special conditions in mammary glands during lactation and in the brain during the prenatal and early postnatal develop ...
... dietary amino acids) is also utilized for the biosynthesis of lipids such as long chain fatty acids and cholesterol by lipogenic tissues (such as liver and adipose tissues and under special conditions in mammary glands during lactation and in the brain during the prenatal and early postnatal develop ...
What is biomethanation
... process; therefore, this process proceeds under normal temperature and pressure. Biomethanation can be applied for variety of biomass compared with ethanol fermentation due to activities of complex microflora. ...
... process; therefore, this process proceeds under normal temperature and pressure. Biomethanation can be applied for variety of biomass compared with ethanol fermentation due to activities of complex microflora. ...
Amino Acid Sequences containing Cysteine or Cystine Residues in
... stringent repurification was applied to the samples used for sequence work and no peptide amino acid sequences were found in recovered peptides, other than those that related to the sequences given in this paper. For good analytical results, however, it was necessary to fractionate the ovalbumin fur ...
... stringent repurification was applied to the samples used for sequence work and no peptide amino acid sequences were found in recovered peptides, other than those that related to the sequences given in this paper. For good analytical results, however, it was necessary to fractionate the ovalbumin fur ...
Chapter 11
... inhibited at sites further along in the pathway • G6P inhibits hexokinase isozymes I, II and III • Glucokinase forms G6P in the liver (for glycogen synthesis) when glucose is abundant (activity is modulated by fructose phosphates and a ...
... inhibited at sites further along in the pathway • G6P inhibits hexokinase isozymes I, II and III • Glucokinase forms G6P in the liver (for glycogen synthesis) when glucose is abundant (activity is modulated by fructose phosphates and a ...
11th ROC: Diazoaminobenzene
... included hydroquinone, muconic acid, and phenylmercapturic acid, which share benzene oxide as a common intermediate, demonstrating that the metabolic pathway of DAAB is similar to that of benzene. In studies with human liver slices, DAAB was reduced to benzene and aniline (Mathews and De Costa 1999) ...
... included hydroquinone, muconic acid, and phenylmercapturic acid, which share benzene oxide as a common intermediate, demonstrating that the metabolic pathway of DAAB is similar to that of benzene. In studies with human liver slices, DAAB was reduced to benzene and aniline (Mathews and De Costa 1999) ...
c Syun-Ru Yeh‡ and Denis L. Rousseau
... was detected at a GdnHCl concentration of 1.5 M or less. The conversion from HM to HW is extremely efficient; approximately 20% of HM is converted to HW in the presence of only 0.1 M GdnHCl. The sensitivity of the iron-methionine bond to a small amount of GdnHCl cannot be attributed to a direct weak ...
... was detected at a GdnHCl concentration of 1.5 M or less. The conversion from HM to HW is extremely efficient; approximately 20% of HM is converted to HW in the presence of only 0.1 M GdnHCl. The sensitivity of the iron-methionine bond to a small amount of GdnHCl cannot be attributed to a direct weak ...
Genetic engineering of lactic acid bacteria to produce
... pure L(+)-lactic acid. Naturally, this organism produces mixture of D(-)- and L(+)-lactic acid during fermentation of sugars. Production of D(-)- and L(+)-lactic acid is based on the activity of LdhD and LdhL, respectively. In this work, LdhD enzyme activity was removed by using two different geneti ...
... pure L(+)-lactic acid. Naturally, this organism produces mixture of D(-)- and L(+)-lactic acid during fermentation of sugars. Production of D(-)- and L(+)-lactic acid is based on the activity of LdhD and LdhL, respectively. In this work, LdhD enzyme activity was removed by using two different geneti ...
Topic 8 Acids and Bases File
... Ideally, the end point corresponds to the equivalence point in a titration. Lewis theory: An acid is defined as an electron pair acceptor (e.g. BF3) and a base is an electron donator (e.g. NH3). Monoprotic: Where one mole of the acid produces one mole of hydrogen ions, e.g. HCl. pH: Power of hydroge ...
... Ideally, the end point corresponds to the equivalence point in a titration. Lewis theory: An acid is defined as an electron pair acceptor (e.g. BF3) and a base is an electron donator (e.g. NH3). Monoprotic: Where one mole of the acid produces one mole of hydrogen ions, e.g. HCl. pH: Power of hydroge ...
Glucose transporters (GLUT and SGLT)
... Glucose is a key fuel in mammals and an important metabolic substrate. It is obtained directly from the diet, principally following the hydrolysis of ingested disaccharides and polysaccharides, and by synthesis from other substrates in organs such as the liver. Glucose derived from the diet is trans ...
... Glucose is a key fuel in mammals and an important metabolic substrate. It is obtained directly from the diet, principally following the hydrolysis of ingested disaccharides and polysaccharides, and by synthesis from other substrates in organs such as the liver. Glucose derived from the diet is trans ...
www.iplantcollaborative.org
... • Stupar & Springer - Affymetrix chips • TMRI - Affymetrix chips, rice and maize Summary: • Many genes go up, many go down • No common pathways between lines • Protein Metabolism down in hybrids • Yield inversely correlated with non-additive changes www.iplantcollaborative.org, BIO5 Institute, Unive ...
... • Stupar & Springer - Affymetrix chips • TMRI - Affymetrix chips, rice and maize Summary: • Many genes go up, many go down • No common pathways between lines • Protein Metabolism down in hybrids • Yield inversely correlated with non-additive changes www.iplantcollaborative.org, BIO5 Institute, Unive ...
Phospholipid synthesis in Borrelia burgdorferi: BB0249 and BB0721
... and PG are the major phospholipids in the B. burgdorferi membrane (data not shown) and suggested that this method was a reliable method for examining B. burgdorferi membrane phospholipids. We then used this method to determine the phospholipid compositions of seven other Borrelia species: two subspe ...
... and PG are the major phospholipids in the B. burgdorferi membrane (data not shown) and suggested that this method was a reliable method for examining B. burgdorferi membrane phospholipids. We then used this method to determine the phospholipid compositions of seven other Borrelia species: two subspe ...
Honey
... percent) and glucose (about 31.0 percent). The remaining carbohydrates include maltose, sucrose and other complex carbohydrates. On average, honey is 17.1 percent water. Honey can contain up to 18 of the 20 amino acids. However, amino acid content is almost negligible in honey, accounting for only ...
... percent) and glucose (about 31.0 percent). The remaining carbohydrates include maltose, sucrose and other complex carbohydrates. On average, honey is 17.1 percent water. Honey can contain up to 18 of the 20 amino acids. However, amino acid content is almost negligible in honey, accounting for only ...
Ch31-Gluconeogenesis and Maintenance of Blood Glucose Levels
... that do not use enzymes of glycolysis involve the irreversible, regulated steps of glycolysis. These three steps are the conversion of (a) pyruvate to phosphoenolpyruvate, (b) fructose 1,6-bisphosphate to fructose 6-phosphate, and (c) glucose 6-phosphate to glucose. Some tissues of the body, such as ...
... that do not use enzymes of glycolysis involve the irreversible, regulated steps of glycolysis. These three steps are the conversion of (a) pyruvate to phosphoenolpyruvate, (b) fructose 1,6-bisphosphate to fructose 6-phosphate, and (c) glucose 6-phosphate to glucose. Some tissues of the body, such as ...
for growth. fermentation end products and genes required growth of
... divergent regulatory pathways. tion), some facultative organisms such as E. coli can grow anaerobically by fermenting sugars. In fermentation, NADH generated by glycolysis cannot be reoxidized by electron transport systems. Instead, NAD1 is generated with endogenous electron acceptors produced durin ...
... divergent regulatory pathways. tion), some facultative organisms such as E. coli can grow anaerobically by fermenting sugars. In fermentation, NADH generated by glycolysis cannot be reoxidized by electron transport systems. Instead, NAD1 is generated with endogenous electron acceptors produced durin ...
Metabolic Engineering for Production of Complex Lipids in Tobacco
... high-erucic rapeseed oil are specially produced for some specific non-food applications (Vanhercke et al., 2013b). Plant oils are composed almost entirely of TAGs containing three of the major five fatty acids listed above (Figure 2). However, with some exceptions plants can produce different lipid ...
... high-erucic rapeseed oil are specially produced for some specific non-food applications (Vanhercke et al., 2013b). Plant oils are composed almost entirely of TAGs containing three of the major five fatty acids listed above (Figure 2). However, with some exceptions plants can produce different lipid ...
7-Heme Degradation
... catalyzes the degradation of heme. This produces biliverdin, iron, and carbon monoxide. ...
... catalyzes the degradation of heme. This produces biliverdin, iron, and carbon monoxide. ...
tRNA
... amino acids, each residue can be specified by more than one codon (except for Met and Trp)—ie the genetic code is degenerate! - Of the 64 codons, only 61 encode amino acids—the other three serve as “nonsense” or “stop” codons in that they do not specify an amino acid but rather signal the end of the ...
... amino acids, each residue can be specified by more than one codon (except for Met and Trp)—ie the genetic code is degenerate! - Of the 64 codons, only 61 encode amino acids—the other three serve as “nonsense” or “stop” codons in that they do not specify an amino acid but rather signal the end of the ...
Metabolism
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/ATP-3D-vdW.png?width=300)
Metabolism (from Greek: μεταβολή metabolē, ""change"") is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of living organisms. These enzyme-catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. The word metabolism can also refer to all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms, including digestion and the transport of substances into and between different cells, in which case the set of reactions within the cells is called intermediary metabolism or intermediate metabolism.Metabolism is usually divided into two categories: catabolism, the breaking down of organic matter by way of cellular respiration, and anabolism, the building up of components of cells such as proteins and nucleic acids. Usually, breaking down releases energy and building up consumes energy.The chemical reactions of metabolism are organized into metabolic pathways, in which one chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical, by a sequence of enzymes. Enzymes are crucial to metabolism because they allow organisms to drive desirable reactions that require energy that will not occur by themselves, by coupling them to spontaneous reactions that release energy. Enzymes act as catalysts that allow the reactions to proceed more rapidly. Enzymes also allow the regulation of metabolic pathways in response to changes in the cell's environment or to signals from other cells.The metabolic system of a particular organism determines which substances it will find nutritious and which poisonous. For example, some prokaryotes use hydrogen sulfide as a nutrient, yet this gas is poisonous to animals. The speed of metabolism, the metabolic rate, influences how much food an organism will require, and also affects how it is able to obtain that food.A striking feature of metabolism is the similarity of the basic metabolic pathways and components between even vastly different species. For example, the set of carboxylic acids that are best known as the intermediates in the citric acid cycle are present in all known organisms, being found in species as diverse as the unicellular bacterium Escherichia coli and huge multicellular organisms like elephants. These striking similarities in metabolic pathways are likely due to their early appearance in evolutionary history, and their retention because of their efficacy.