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Physical Chemistry 3: — Chemical Kinetics
... The scriptum gives a summary of the material covered in the scheduled lectures to allow students to repeat the material more economically. It covers basic material that all chemistry students should learn irrespective of their possible inclination towards inorganic, organic or physical chemistry, bu ...
... The scriptum gives a summary of the material covered in the scheduled lectures to allow students to repeat the material more economically. It covers basic material that all chemistry students should learn irrespective of their possible inclination towards inorganic, organic or physical chemistry, bu ...
Chlamydia trachomatis RNA polymerase major sigma subunit
... metabolic activity, as well as the host ribonucleoside triphosphate pool for RNA synthesis (2). Because of their unique developmental life cycle, the chlamydiae have been assigned to their own order, Chlamydiales (3). In the initial stages of host cell infection by the chlamydial elementary body (EB ...
... metabolic activity, as well as the host ribonucleoside triphosphate pool for RNA synthesis (2). Because of their unique developmental life cycle, the chlamydiae have been assigned to their own order, Chlamydiales (3). In the initial stages of host cell infection by the chlamydial elementary body (EB ...
Physiological implications of class IIa bacteriocin resistance in
... mixed-acid type of fermentation as compared to the homolactic fermentation in the wild-type strains. In a homolactic fermentation, 2 mol ATP is formed per mole of glucose fermented and in a pure mixed-acid fermentation (i.e. no lactate formed and acetate and ethanol formed in a 1 : 1 ratio), 3 mol A ...
... mixed-acid type of fermentation as compared to the homolactic fermentation in the wild-type strains. In a homolactic fermentation, 2 mol ATP is formed per mole of glucose fermented and in a pure mixed-acid fermentation (i.e. no lactate formed and acetate and ethanol formed in a 1 : 1 ratio), 3 mol A ...
arsenic - Biolab Medical Unit
... Inorganic forms of As are more toxic than organic forms. The trivalent forms are the most toxic and react with thiol groups, while the pentavalent forms are less toxic but uncouple oxidative phosphorylation. Very few organ systems escape the toxic effects of arsenic [1]. Trivalent inorganic As inhib ...
... Inorganic forms of As are more toxic than organic forms. The trivalent forms are the most toxic and react with thiol groups, while the pentavalent forms are less toxic but uncouple oxidative phosphorylation. Very few organ systems escape the toxic effects of arsenic [1]. Trivalent inorganic As inhib ...
A structural comparison of molybdenum cofactor
... transhydroxylase, most of these enzymes serve as terminal reductases in the absence of oxygen and the presence of their respective substrates, thereby allowing the bacteria to generate more energy compared to the amount obtainable by fermentation. DMSO reductase is found in a variety of bacteria, in ...
... transhydroxylase, most of these enzymes serve as terminal reductases in the absence of oxygen and the presence of their respective substrates, thereby allowing the bacteria to generate more energy compared to the amount obtainable by fermentation. DMSO reductase is found in a variety of bacteria, in ...
Chapter 11- Looking for the Edge
... given to what might happen when multiple supplements are combined, or “stacked.” The concept of “stacking” is a concern. Many variations of “stacking” exist. Several examples of stacking and how they work are listed: • “Additive,” or, 1+1=2. This suggests that when two supplements are combined, the ...
... given to what might happen when multiple supplements are combined, or “stacked.” The concept of “stacking” is a concern. Many variations of “stacking” exist. Several examples of stacking and how they work are listed: • “Additive,” or, 1+1=2. This suggests that when two supplements are combined, the ...
Amino Acid Evolution
... Homologous structures are structures that are believed to have a common origin. Similar structures or features in organisms are helpful because they can be used to trace how species migrated over time. If two species in two different locations are similar in some way it is either because both specie ...
... Homologous structures are structures that are believed to have a common origin. Similar structures or features in organisms are helpful because they can be used to trace how species migrated over time. If two species in two different locations are similar in some way it is either because both specie ...
Caffeine and related purine alkaloids: Biosynthesis, catabolism
... The second step of caffeine biosynthesis involves a nucleosidase which catalyses the hydrolysis of 7-methylxanthosine. Although N-methylnucleosidase (EC 3.2.2.25) was partially purified from tea leaves by Negishi et al. (1988), isolation of the native enzyme as well as DNA encoding the enzyme has not ...
... The second step of caffeine biosynthesis involves a nucleosidase which catalyses the hydrolysis of 7-methylxanthosine. Although N-methylnucleosidase (EC 3.2.2.25) was partially purified from tea leaves by Negishi et al. (1988), isolation of the native enzyme as well as DNA encoding the enzyme has not ...
Covalently Bonded Platinum(II) Complexes of [alpha]
... are direct consequences of the steric and electronic environment around the observed nuclei, and different values are therefore usually obtained, depending on the R group attached to the organometallic site. Thus, peptide functionalization with these complexes provides a biomarker not only for bioch ...
... are direct consequences of the steric and electronic environment around the observed nuclei, and different values are therefore usually obtained, depending on the R group attached to the organometallic site. Thus, peptide functionalization with these complexes provides a biomarker not only for bioch ...
Caffeine and related purine alkaloids: Biosynthesis, catabolism
... The second step of caffeine biosynthesis involves a nucleosidase which catalyses the hydrolysis of 7-methylxanthosine. Although N-methylnucleosidase (EC 3.2.2.25) was partially purified from tea leaves by Negishi et al. (1988), isolation of the native enzyme as well as DNA encoding the enzyme has not ...
... The second step of caffeine biosynthesis involves a nucleosidase which catalyses the hydrolysis of 7-methylxanthosine. Although N-methylnucleosidase (EC 3.2.2.25) was partially purified from tea leaves by Negishi et al. (1988), isolation of the native enzyme as well as DNA encoding the enzyme has not ...
Oxidative metabolism in thermogenic tissues of the swordfish and
... HEPES (N-[2-hydroxyethyl]piperazine-Nr-[2-ethanesulfonic acid]),and 1%BSA (bovine serum albumin, Sigma A-7030, essentially fatty acid free). Mako muscle mitochondria were isolated using a medium composed of 500 mM sucrose, 150 mM KC1, 20 mM HEPES, 10 mM Na2 EDTA (ethylenediFig. 1. Typical traces of ...
... HEPES (N-[2-hydroxyethyl]piperazine-Nr-[2-ethanesulfonic acid]),and 1%BSA (bovine serum albumin, Sigma A-7030, essentially fatty acid free). Mako muscle mitochondria were isolated using a medium composed of 500 mM sucrose, 150 mM KC1, 20 mM HEPES, 10 mM Na2 EDTA (ethylenediFig. 1. Typical traces of ...
SPECIFIC PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN CELLULAR
... of a distinct gene . The rapid changes in this tissue do not result from corresponding changes in translational efficiency . Thus, the peptide chain elongation rate is comparable for chorion and for proteins synthesized at earlier developmental stages (1 .3-1 .9 amino acids/sec) ; moreover, the spac ...
... of a distinct gene . The rapid changes in this tissue do not result from corresponding changes in translational efficiency . Thus, the peptide chain elongation rate is comparable for chorion and for proteins synthesized at earlier developmental stages (1 .3-1 .9 amino acids/sec) ; moreover, the spac ...
Mechanical and metabolic functions in pig hearts after 4
... increase in exogenous glucose utilization when normalized by perfusion (i.e., the "flow-metabolic mismatch" [4-8]) while at the same time retaining the capacity of oxidative metabolism (9). The presence of increased glucose metabolism has served as a reliable clinical marker to successfully predict ...
... increase in exogenous glucose utilization when normalized by perfusion (i.e., the "flow-metabolic mismatch" [4-8]) while at the same time retaining the capacity of oxidative metabolism (9). The presence of increased glucose metabolism has served as a reliable clinical marker to successfully predict ...
New insight into plant intramembrane proteases
... located in the third TM. The aspartic acid present in the last motif was shown to be crucial for proteolytic activity of these proteases due to its engagement in zinc ion coordination (Feng et al. 2007). Some S2P proteases also possess PDZ domains, which are known to participate in the interactions ...
... located in the third TM. The aspartic acid present in the last motif was shown to be crucial for proteolytic activity of these proteases due to its engagement in zinc ion coordination (Feng et al. 2007). Some S2P proteases also possess PDZ domains, which are known to participate in the interactions ...
Living without oxygen: lessons from the freshwater turtle
... ity that ion channels are open. This slows ion leakage and the dissipation of ion gradients and less cell work is required to maintain these gradients via ATP-dependent ion pumps. Evidence for downregulation of Na+ channels in brain (PérezPinón et al., 1992) and liver cells (Buck et al., 1993), fo ...
... ity that ion channels are open. This slows ion leakage and the dissipation of ion gradients and less cell work is required to maintain these gradients via ATP-dependent ion pumps. Evidence for downregulation of Na+ channels in brain (PérezPinón et al., 1992) and liver cells (Buck et al., 1993), fo ...
Full-Text PDF
... cytosolic proteins, show a preferential association with lipid rafts, thereby facilitating various biological functions and dynamic processes, including membrane trafficking, protein sorting, cell polarity and signal transduction [16–18]. The plasma membrane has exofacial and cytofacial leaflets, wh ...
... cytosolic proteins, show a preferential association with lipid rafts, thereby facilitating various biological functions and dynamic processes, including membrane trafficking, protein sorting, cell polarity and signal transduction [16–18]. The plasma membrane has exofacial and cytofacial leaflets, wh ...
Amiito acid sequence of the testosterone
... single-copy RP2 gene was explained previously by the alternate use of two polyadenylation sites (9). This was determined by SI nuclease mapping. Additional SI nuclease mapping has now established that a third polyadenylation site is utilized to produce the 1350 nt mRNA. An SI nuclease protection ass ...
... single-copy RP2 gene was explained previously by the alternate use of two polyadenylation sites (9). This was determined by SI nuclease mapping. Additional SI nuclease mapping has now established that a third polyadenylation site is utilized to produce the 1350 nt mRNA. An SI nuclease protection ass ...
Nitrogen Excretion in Fish
... - can inhibit key enzymes required for energy generation (destabilizes proteins) - NH4+ substitutes for K+ in ion transporters, (e.g. Na+-K+-ATPases) disrupting electrochemical gradients. ...
... - can inhibit key enzymes required for energy generation (destabilizes proteins) - NH4+ substitutes for K+ in ion transporters, (e.g. Na+-K+-ATPases) disrupting electrochemical gradients. ...
Hormonal Control of Glucose Metabolism
... humans, plasma glucose concentrations throughout a 24-hour period average 90 mg/ dl, with maximum values 60-90 minutes after meals, usually not exceeding 140 mg/ dl, and values during a moderate fast or exercise usually remaining above 50 mg/dl. This relative stability contrasts with the situation f ...
... humans, plasma glucose concentrations throughout a 24-hour period average 90 mg/ dl, with maximum values 60-90 minutes after meals, usually not exceeding 140 mg/ dl, and values during a moderate fast or exercise usually remaining above 50 mg/dl. This relative stability contrasts with the situation f ...
Characterization of the binding properties of the Avian Coronavirus
... 5.3.2 Identification of important sequences and single amino acids for attachment within domain D ............................................................................... 78 5.4 Possibility of involvement of further main- or co-receptors in IBV host cell attachment ........................... ...
... 5.3.2 Identification of important sequences and single amino acids for attachment within domain D ............................................................................... 78 5.4 Possibility of involvement of further main- or co-receptors in IBV host cell attachment ........................... ...
P6060Datasheet-Lot0151208
... NEBuffer for PK (NEB #B6022) supplemented with 200 µM ATP (NEB #P0756), 1.2 µM calmodulin and 2 mM CaCl2. Incubate for 10 minutes at 30°C. The dilution of CaMKII should not exceed 20,000–50,000 units/ml to ensure the suggested rate of autophosphorylation. ...
... NEBuffer for PK (NEB #B6022) supplemented with 200 µM ATP (NEB #P0756), 1.2 µM calmodulin and 2 mM CaCl2. Incubate for 10 minutes at 30°C. The dilution of CaMKII should not exceed 20,000–50,000 units/ml to ensure the suggested rate of autophosphorylation. ...
Saccharomyces cerevisiae in the Production of Fermented
... and whiskies, sucrose-rich plants (molasses or sugar juice from sugarcane) in the case of rums, or from fruits (which do not require pre-hydrolysis) in the case of wines and brandies. In the presence of sugars, together with other essential nutrients such as amino acids, minerals and vitamins, S. ce ...
... and whiskies, sucrose-rich plants (molasses or sugar juice from sugarcane) in the case of rums, or from fruits (which do not require pre-hydrolysis) in the case of wines and brandies. In the presence of sugars, together with other essential nutrients such as amino acids, minerals and vitamins, S. ce ...
Saccharomyces cerevisiae in the Production of Fermented
... and whiskies, sucrose-rich plants (molasses or sugar juice from sugarcane) in the case of rums, or from fruits (which do not require pre-hydrolysis) in the case of wines and brandies. In the presence of sugars, together with other essential nutrients such as amino acids, minerals and vitamins, S. ce ...
... and whiskies, sucrose-rich plants (molasses or sugar juice from sugarcane) in the case of rums, or from fruits (which do not require pre-hydrolysis) in the case of wines and brandies. In the presence of sugars, together with other essential nutrients such as amino acids, minerals and vitamins, S. ce ...
Metabolism
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/ATP-3D-vdW.png?width=300)
Metabolism (from Greek: μεταβολή metabolē, ""change"") is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of living organisms. These enzyme-catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. The word metabolism can also refer to all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms, including digestion and the transport of substances into and between different cells, in which case the set of reactions within the cells is called intermediary metabolism or intermediate metabolism.Metabolism is usually divided into two categories: catabolism, the breaking down of organic matter by way of cellular respiration, and anabolism, the building up of components of cells such as proteins and nucleic acids. Usually, breaking down releases energy and building up consumes energy.The chemical reactions of metabolism are organized into metabolic pathways, in which one chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical, by a sequence of enzymes. Enzymes are crucial to metabolism because they allow organisms to drive desirable reactions that require energy that will not occur by themselves, by coupling them to spontaneous reactions that release energy. Enzymes act as catalysts that allow the reactions to proceed more rapidly. Enzymes also allow the regulation of metabolic pathways in response to changes in the cell's environment or to signals from other cells.The metabolic system of a particular organism determines which substances it will find nutritious and which poisonous. For example, some prokaryotes use hydrogen sulfide as a nutrient, yet this gas is poisonous to animals. The speed of metabolism, the metabolic rate, influences how much food an organism will require, and also affects how it is able to obtain that food.A striking feature of metabolism is the similarity of the basic metabolic pathways and components between even vastly different species. For example, the set of carboxylic acids that are best known as the intermediates in the citric acid cycle are present in all known organisms, being found in species as diverse as the unicellular bacterium Escherichia coli and huge multicellular organisms like elephants. These striking similarities in metabolic pathways are likely due to their early appearance in evolutionary history, and their retention because of their efficacy.