Unsaturated and Odd-Chain Fatty Acid Catabolism
... Most of the acetyl CoA produced by β-oxidation undergoes complete oxidation through the citric acid cycle. The entry of acetyl CoA into the citric acid cycle depends on the availability of oxaloacetate. Under fasting conditions or diabetes, gluconeogenisis depletes the concentration of oxaloacetate. ...
... Most of the acetyl CoA produced by β-oxidation undergoes complete oxidation through the citric acid cycle. The entry of acetyl CoA into the citric acid cycle depends on the availability of oxaloacetate. Under fasting conditions or diabetes, gluconeogenisis depletes the concentration of oxaloacetate. ...
Genomic Insights into Methanotrophy: The Complete Genome Sequence of Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath)
... together with those known from previous studies, are depicted in Figure 2, along with the locus numbers for predicted enzymes. Some of these pathways have not been experimentally verified, so we present Figure 2 as a hypothesis of metabolic activity in M. capsulatus (Bath) that is based on available ...
... together with those known from previous studies, are depicted in Figure 2, along with the locus numbers for predicted enzymes. Some of these pathways have not been experimentally verified, so we present Figure 2 as a hypothesis of metabolic activity in M. capsulatus (Bath) that is based on available ...
thymine dimers - Glen Research
... synthesized by standard phosphoramidite chemistry using automated DNA synthesizers. The phosphoramidites can be dissolved in anhydrous acetonitrile to standard concentrations, except for the 5Me-C variant which requires the use of a 25% THF/acetonitrile solution. They are more sterically hindered co ...
... synthesized by standard phosphoramidite chemistry using automated DNA synthesizers. The phosphoramidites can be dissolved in anhydrous acetonitrile to standard concentrations, except for the 5Me-C variant which requires the use of a 25% THF/acetonitrile solution. They are more sterically hindered co ...
on the potential efficiency of converting solar radiation to phytoenergy
... major plant biochemical constituents were evaluated. The maintenance requirement, an area of important uncertainty, was also considered. For a hypothetical C3 grain crop with a full canopy at 30C and 350 ppm atmospheric [CO2], theoretically potential efficiencies (based on extant plant metabolic re ...
... major plant biochemical constituents were evaluated. The maintenance requirement, an area of important uncertainty, was also considered. For a hypothetical C3 grain crop with a full canopy at 30C and 350 ppm atmospheric [CO2], theoretically potential efficiencies (based on extant plant metabolic re ...
Enzyme Mechanisms
... We describe enzymatic mechanisms in terms of the binding modes of the substrates (or, more properly, the transition-state species) to the enzyme. One of these involves the proximity effect, in which two (or more) substrates are directed down potential-energy gradients to positions where they are clo ...
... We describe enzymatic mechanisms in terms of the binding modes of the substrates (or, more properly, the transition-state species) to the enzyme. One of these involves the proximity effect, in which two (or more) substrates are directed down potential-energy gradients to positions where they are clo ...
Effects of Free Fatty Acid Elevation on Postabsorptive
... whole-body glucose uptake and fasting plasma FFA concentrations in lean normoglycemic offspring of type 2 diabetic parents (3) indicates that FFAs might play a pivotal role in the early events leading to insulin resistance (4,5). Plasma FFA elevation induced by lipid/heparin infusions during hyperin ...
... whole-body glucose uptake and fasting plasma FFA concentrations in lean normoglycemic offspring of type 2 diabetic parents (3) indicates that FFAs might play a pivotal role in the early events leading to insulin resistance (4,5). Plasma FFA elevation induced by lipid/heparin infusions during hyperin ...
Characterization of Rice Anthranilate Synthase
... 5-methyl-Trp, and AS activity of the calli showed a markedly reduced sensitivity to Trp. These results show that OASA1 is important in the regulation of free Trp concentration, and that mutation of OASA1 to render the encoded protein insensitive to feedback inhibition results in accumulation of Trp ...
... 5-methyl-Trp, and AS activity of the calli showed a markedly reduced sensitivity to Trp. These results show that OASA1 is important in the regulation of free Trp concentration, and that mutation of OASA1 to render the encoded protein insensitive to feedback inhibition results in accumulation of Trp ...
The Intermediary Metabolism of Cholesterol
... dietary constituent since synthetic, sterol-free diets are adequate for growth and maintenance of most animals. In this respect the larvae of certain insects' and some parasites2 form a notable exception. For these organisms, sterols are indispensable dietary components. It can be stated, however, t ...
... dietary constituent since synthetic, sterol-free diets are adequate for growth and maintenance of most animals. In this respect the larvae of certain insects' and some parasites2 form a notable exception. For these organisms, sterols are indispensable dietary components. It can be stated, however, t ...
Extended spectrum beta-lactamases - Micro-Rao
... coding for beta-lactamases are also present on transposons or insertion sequences, resulting in their dissemination among different plasmids. The Ω-loop, which is a conserved structural feature of most class A enzymes, consists of residues 164-179 and forms a portion of the enzyme’s active site pock ...
... coding for beta-lactamases are also present on transposons or insertion sequences, resulting in their dissemination among different plasmids. The Ω-loop, which is a conserved structural feature of most class A enzymes, consists of residues 164-179 and forms a portion of the enzyme’s active site pock ...
Activation by Exercise of Human Skeletal Muscle Pyruvate
... activation plays an important role in the regulation of energy metabolism in exercise. The purpose of the present study was to examine the part played by pyruvate dehydrogenase activation in the control of energy metabolism in human skeletal muscle. We have measured the total activity of the pyruvat ...
... activation plays an important role in the regulation of energy metabolism in exercise. The purpose of the present study was to examine the part played by pyruvate dehydrogenase activation in the control of energy metabolism in human skeletal muscle. We have measured the total activity of the pyruvat ...
Genetic Engineering for Improved Xylose Fermentation by Yeasts
... A putative xylose transporter gene from P. stipitis, PsSTU1, has been cloned recently. This gene can confer high-affinity uptake of glucose and growth to a S. cerevisiae hxt1-7 strain [60]. The deduced amino acid sequence shows 54% identity to the HXT glucose transporters of S. cerevisiae. When PsST ...
... A putative xylose transporter gene from P. stipitis, PsSTU1, has been cloned recently. This gene can confer high-affinity uptake of glucose and growth to a S. cerevisiae hxt1-7 strain [60]. The deduced amino acid sequence shows 54% identity to the HXT glucose transporters of S. cerevisiae. When PsST ...
Complete genome sequence of the rifamycin SV
... including an arginine biosynthetic cluster and unique genes encoding a DNA primase, a DNA polymerase III δ subunit, translation initiation factors IF-2 and IF-3, etc. (Supplementary information, Table S1). In addition, the coding density of ortholog genes in this region is similar to the core, but d ...
... including an arginine biosynthetic cluster and unique genes encoding a DNA primase, a DNA polymerase III δ subunit, translation initiation factors IF-2 and IF-3, etc. (Supplementary information, Table S1). In addition, the coding density of ortholog genes in this region is similar to the core, but d ...
Microsomes and S9 Prepared from Renal Tissue Yield
... fractionation protocol can be repeatedly frozen and thawed at least ten times without significant loss of CYP4A activity. Similar results were obtained for umbelliferone glucuronidation and NADPH-cytochrome c ...
... fractionation protocol can be repeatedly frozen and thawed at least ten times without significant loss of CYP4A activity. Similar results were obtained for umbelliferone glucuronidation and NADPH-cytochrome c ...
Lactobacillus plantarum - UEF Electronic Publications
... To be presented by permission of the Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences of the University of Kuopio for public examination in Auditorium L22, Snellmania building, University of Kuopio, ...
... To be presented by permission of the Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences of the University of Kuopio for public examination in Auditorium L22, Snellmania building, University of Kuopio, ...
Energy Metabolism of the Brain, Including the Cooperation between
... The breakdown of glycogen by glycogen phosphorylase (GP) in the brain is controlled by both phosphorylation/dephosphorylation and allosteric mechanisms. Control performed by phosphorylation involves activation of phosphorylase kinase (PK), which then phosphorylates GP causing it to move from the nor ...
... The breakdown of glycogen by glycogen phosphorylase (GP) in the brain is controlled by both phosphorylation/dephosphorylation and allosteric mechanisms. Control performed by phosphorylation involves activation of phosphorylase kinase (PK), which then phosphorylates GP causing it to move from the nor ...
Amino Acid and Peptide Immobilization on Oxidized Nanocellulose
... helps regenerate the catalyst TEMPO during the reaction. Using this oxidative reaction, it was found that cellulose could be completely converted into water-soluble polyglucuronic acid [17,18]. In the case of native cellulose fibers, the oxidation proceeded throughout the fibers but occurred only at ...
... helps regenerate the catalyst TEMPO during the reaction. Using this oxidative reaction, it was found that cellulose could be completely converted into water-soluble polyglucuronic acid [17,18]. In the case of native cellulose fibers, the oxidation proceeded throughout the fibers but occurred only at ...
Muscle enzyme activities in a deep-sea squaloid shark
... (pH 8.0), 0.1 mM DTNB and 0.3 mM acetyl CoA. The reaction was initiated with 0.5 mM oxaloacetate. Malate dehydrogenase (E.C 1.1.1.37). 50 mM imidazole (pH 7.4) and 0.2 mM NADH. The reaction was initiated with 1.0 mM oxaloacetate. Alanine aminotransferase (E.C. 2.6.1.2). 50 mM imidazole (pH 7.4), 200 ...
... (pH 8.0), 0.1 mM DTNB and 0.3 mM acetyl CoA. The reaction was initiated with 0.5 mM oxaloacetate. Malate dehydrogenase (E.C 1.1.1.37). 50 mM imidazole (pH 7.4) and 0.2 mM NADH. The reaction was initiated with 1.0 mM oxaloacetate. Alanine aminotransferase (E.C. 2.6.1.2). 50 mM imidazole (pH 7.4), 200 ...
... It is the amount of energy that can be released as a system ∆G = ∆G + RT ln [Re ac tan ts ] goes from a non-equilibirium position to an equilibrium position. It is related to the standard energy as follows (4 pts) Choice A: The addition of a phosphate to a sugar (e.g. conversion of glucose to glucos ...
www.peerteaching.com
... • some ATP can be made in the cytoplasm through a process called substrate-level phosphorylation • With this type of phosphorylation you have an adenosine diphosphate (ADP), which is a unit of adenosine attached to two (di) phosphate groups ...
... • some ATP can be made in the cytoplasm through a process called substrate-level phosphorylation • With this type of phosphorylation you have an adenosine diphosphate (ADP), which is a unit of adenosine attached to two (di) phosphate groups ...
ABSTRACT Title of Document:
... bioenergetic status. Developing lymphocytes proliferate extensively in primary immune tissues. Proliferation requires ATP and intermediary metabolites of energy metabolism that serve as precursors for macromolecule biosynthesis (Ardawi and Newsholme, 1985; Buttgereit and Brand, 1995; Buttgereit et a ...
... bioenergetic status. Developing lymphocytes proliferate extensively in primary immune tissues. Proliferation requires ATP and intermediary metabolites of energy metabolism that serve as precursors for macromolecule biosynthesis (Ardawi and Newsholme, 1985; Buttgereit and Brand, 1995; Buttgereit et a ...
DIALYSIS and ELECTRODIALYSIS
... • Applications Dialysis is used in varying circumstances such as: when a large pressure difference on the sides of the membrane is impractical, in heat sensitive areas, and when organic solvents are not feasible. In areas such as the bloodstream, a pressure difference would rupture blood cells. Dial ...
... • Applications Dialysis is used in varying circumstances such as: when a large pressure difference on the sides of the membrane is impractical, in heat sensitive areas, and when organic solvents are not feasible. In areas such as the bloodstream, a pressure difference would rupture blood cells. Dial ...
M.Sc. (Semester - III) BIOCHEMISTRY BCH
... a) Discuss in detail effect of substrate concentration on enzyme catalyzed reaction. b) Explain the various conditions under which the enzyme-substrate complex is stabilized to determine the mechanism of enzyme catalysis by X-ray crystallography. c) How activity of an enzyme is regulated by irrevers ...
... a) Discuss in detail effect of substrate concentration on enzyme catalyzed reaction. b) Explain the various conditions under which the enzyme-substrate complex is stabilized to determine the mechanism of enzyme catalysis by X-ray crystallography. c) How activity of an enzyme is regulated by irrevers ...
Physical Chemistry 3: — Chemical Kinetics
... The scriptum gives a summary of the material covered in the scheduled lectures to allow students to repeat the material more economically. It covers basic material that all chemistry students should learn irrespective of their possible inclination towards inorganic, organic or physical chemistry, bu ...
... The scriptum gives a summary of the material covered in the scheduled lectures to allow students to repeat the material more economically. It covers basic material that all chemistry students should learn irrespective of their possible inclination towards inorganic, organic or physical chemistry, bu ...
Cisplatin in vivo influence on lipid content of chromatin on rat brain
... deep and multiform transformation of nuclear lipids metabolism caused by antitumor drug cisplatin. It was known for a long time that cell nuclei are sites for active metabolism of lipids, because lipids exchanged different enzymes, that supported the necessary level of individual phospholipids or ne ...
... deep and multiform transformation of nuclear lipids metabolism caused by antitumor drug cisplatin. It was known for a long time that cell nuclei are sites for active metabolism of lipids, because lipids exchanged different enzymes, that supported the necessary level of individual phospholipids or ne ...
Metabolism
Metabolism (from Greek: μεταβολή metabolē, ""change"") is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of living organisms. These enzyme-catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. The word metabolism can also refer to all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms, including digestion and the transport of substances into and between different cells, in which case the set of reactions within the cells is called intermediary metabolism or intermediate metabolism.Metabolism is usually divided into two categories: catabolism, the breaking down of organic matter by way of cellular respiration, and anabolism, the building up of components of cells such as proteins and nucleic acids. Usually, breaking down releases energy and building up consumes energy.The chemical reactions of metabolism are organized into metabolic pathways, in which one chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical, by a sequence of enzymes. Enzymes are crucial to metabolism because they allow organisms to drive desirable reactions that require energy that will not occur by themselves, by coupling them to spontaneous reactions that release energy. Enzymes act as catalysts that allow the reactions to proceed more rapidly. Enzymes also allow the regulation of metabolic pathways in response to changes in the cell's environment or to signals from other cells.The metabolic system of a particular organism determines which substances it will find nutritious and which poisonous. For example, some prokaryotes use hydrogen sulfide as a nutrient, yet this gas is poisonous to animals. The speed of metabolism, the metabolic rate, influences how much food an organism will require, and also affects how it is able to obtain that food.A striking feature of metabolism is the similarity of the basic metabolic pathways and components between even vastly different species. For example, the set of carboxylic acids that are best known as the intermediates in the citric acid cycle are present in all known organisms, being found in species as diverse as the unicellular bacterium Escherichia coli and huge multicellular organisms like elephants. These striking similarities in metabolic pathways are likely due to their early appearance in evolutionary history, and their retention because of their efficacy.