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Lecture 5: Nitrogen MARI-5421
... Conversion of ammonia (NH3) to nitrate (NO3-) is via chemoautotrophic bacteria. First step by Nitrosomonas sp. second step by Nitrobacter sp. Both steps/reactions use NH4+ and NO2- as an energy source, CO2 as a carbon source. This is a non-photosynthetic type of growth. ...
... Conversion of ammonia (NH3) to nitrate (NO3-) is via chemoautotrophic bacteria. First step by Nitrosomonas sp. second step by Nitrobacter sp. Both steps/reactions use NH4+ and NO2- as an energy source, CO2 as a carbon source. This is a non-photosynthetic type of growth. ...
Stepwise Acquisition of Pyrimethamine Resistance in the Malaria
... pyrimethamine. The results suggest that this trade-off may provide a hypothesis to help explain why the quadruple DHFR mutant so widespread in Southeast Asia has not yet spread in Africa. Overall, our results confirm but also extend previous hypotheses on the evolutionary pathways of pyrimethamine r ...
... pyrimethamine. The results suggest that this trade-off may provide a hypothesis to help explain why the quadruple DHFR mutant so widespread in Southeast Asia has not yet spread in Africa. Overall, our results confirm but also extend previous hypotheses on the evolutionary pathways of pyrimethamine r ...
The Anaerobic (Class III) Ribonucleotide Reductase from Lactococcus lactis
... Expression and Purification of NrdD—E. coli IG016 was grown microaerophilically in 1.6-liter batches at 37 °C in LB medium containing 2% glucose, 150 g/ml kanamycin, and 34 g/ml chloramphenicol with continuous flow-through of 4% CO2 and 96% N2. When the culture had reached mid-log phase (A550 ⫽ 0. ...
... Expression and Purification of NrdD—E. coli IG016 was grown microaerophilically in 1.6-liter batches at 37 °C in LB medium containing 2% glucose, 150 g/ml kanamycin, and 34 g/ml chloramphenicol with continuous flow-through of 4% CO2 and 96% N2. When the culture had reached mid-log phase (A550 ⫽ 0. ...
Bioactivation of Selenocysteine Se-Conjugates by a Highly Purified
... 1996). The combination of active uptake mechanisms and a relatively high activity of -lyase in the kidney may explain the relatively selective nephrotoxicity of many halogenated alkenes in rodents. A number of studies by the group of Elfarra have demonstrated that the biochemical basis of this kidn ...
... 1996). The combination of active uptake mechanisms and a relatively high activity of -lyase in the kidney may explain the relatively selective nephrotoxicity of many halogenated alkenes in rodents. A number of studies by the group of Elfarra have demonstrated that the biochemical basis of this kidn ...
EFFECTS OF INSULIN DEFICIENCY ON EXERCISE
... Insulin is a hormone that plays an important role in the regulation of the metabolism of all the main nutrients. Its main function is to stimulate glucose uptake and disposal or utilization by the cells and thus to decrease blood glucose concentration. However, it also inhibits breakdown of proteins ...
... Insulin is a hormone that plays an important role in the regulation of the metabolism of all the main nutrients. Its main function is to stimulate glucose uptake and disposal or utilization by the cells and thus to decrease blood glucose concentration. However, it also inhibits breakdown of proteins ...
Ox bile, dried
... activity of fully conjugated bile acids is less than that of free acids. Deoxycholic acid is the most active of the bile acids. Bacterial enzymes hydrolyse bile conjugates to the more inhibitory free bile acids. The inhibitory activity of ox bile increases in the presence of phosphate or citrate. Th ...
... activity of fully conjugated bile acids is less than that of free acids. Deoxycholic acid is the most active of the bile acids. Bacterial enzymes hydrolyse bile conjugates to the more inhibitory free bile acids. The inhibitory activity of ox bile increases in the presence of phosphate or citrate. Th ...
Isoenzymes in Clinical Diagnosis
... phosphates, but the major phosphatases from these tissues differ in pH optima and susceptibility to inhibition by a variety of chemicals. Different enzyme molecules that catalyze the same reaction are called "isoenzymes," 'isozymes," or "multiple molecular forms." Their discovery has encouraged furt ...
... phosphates, but the major phosphatases from these tissues differ in pH optima and susceptibility to inhibition by a variety of chemicals. Different enzyme molecules that catalyze the same reaction are called "isoenzymes," 'isozymes," or "multiple molecular forms." Their discovery has encouraged furt ...
How OPTYGEN-HP works
... oxygen delivered to the muscles. There are three critical components necessary to increase your endurance capacity. 1) Efficient Glucose Metabolism 2) Efficient Oxygen Transfer 3) Lactate synthesis 4) ATP production Optygen targets all three of these components: ...
... oxygen delivered to the muscles. There are three critical components necessary to increase your endurance capacity. 1) Efficient Glucose Metabolism 2) Efficient Oxygen Transfer 3) Lactate synthesis 4) ATP production Optygen targets all three of these components: ...
CLASSIFICATION OF SURFACTANTS AND EMULGENTS
... advantages with respect to compatibility, stability and potential toxicity. ► They do not ionize to any great extent in solution and are compatible with both anionic and cationic substances. ► They are stable in the presence of electrolytes and pH changes. ► In excess, they do tend to inactivate pre ...
... advantages with respect to compatibility, stability and potential toxicity. ► They do not ionize to any great extent in solution and are compatible with both anionic and cationic substances. ► They are stable in the presence of electrolytes and pH changes. ► In excess, they do tend to inactivate pre ...
Glutathione Breakthrough: Advancement in
... Glutathione (GSH) is one of the most critical molecules of the entire body. GSH plays an important role in antioxidant defense, nutrient metabolism and is key in a vast number of cellular processes including gene expression, DNA and protein synthesis, cell proliferation and apoptosis, signal transdu ...
... Glutathione (GSH) is one of the most critical molecules of the entire body. GSH plays an important role in antioxidant defense, nutrient metabolism and is key in a vast number of cellular processes including gene expression, DNA and protein synthesis, cell proliferation and apoptosis, signal transdu ...
Chemical and organic fertilizers affect physiological performance
... hundreds of host plants. In the current study, zinc sulfate and vermicompost as chemical and organic fertilizers, were added into cultural soil of Capsicum annuum to determine their effects on physiology and antioxidant activities of M. persicae. The aphids reared on zinc sulfate-treated culture sho ...
... hundreds of host plants. In the current study, zinc sulfate and vermicompost as chemical and organic fertilizers, were added into cultural soil of Capsicum annuum to determine their effects on physiology and antioxidant activities of M. persicae. The aphids reared on zinc sulfate-treated culture sho ...
Membrane transporters in a human genome-scale
... substantial efforts to include more transport information. This lack of information is mostly because the precise function and mechanism cannot be predicted from sequence data alone for transporter-encoding genes. We focus this review on plasma membrane transporters because they are generally better ...
... substantial efforts to include more transport information. This lack of information is mostly because the precise function and mechanism cannot be predicted from sequence data alone for transporter-encoding genes. We focus this review on plasma membrane transporters because they are generally better ...
Trans-chalcone and quercetin down-regulate fatty acid synthase
... [2,3]. Infections caused by this species are difficult to treat and there is only a limited number of antifungal drugs available for clinical use, especially when compared to the arsenal of antibacterial drugs [4,5]. Therefore, novel drugs with more specific and effective mechanisms of action agains ...
... [2,3]. Infections caused by this species are difficult to treat and there is only a limited number of antifungal drugs available for clinical use, especially when compared to the arsenal of antibacterial drugs [4,5]. Therefore, novel drugs with more specific and effective mechanisms of action agains ...
Effects of Metformin and a Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR
... mTOR is a 289 kDa serine/threonine conserved protein kinase and is ubiquitously expressed in eukaryotes [3]. mTOR cellular signaling cascade serves as a master regulator of metabolism, cell growth and proliferation. mTOR is dysregulated in several diseases of metabolism including diabetes and pancre ...
... mTOR is a 289 kDa serine/threonine conserved protein kinase and is ubiquitously expressed in eukaryotes [3]. mTOR cellular signaling cascade serves as a master regulator of metabolism, cell growth and proliferation. mTOR is dysregulated in several diseases of metabolism including diabetes and pancre ...
biolsci.org - International Journal of Biological Sciences
... Landscapes of thiamin biosynthetic genes or operons of some pathogens outlined via comparative genomics analysis demonstrated some specific thiamin biosynthetic pathways[42]. The salvage and transport pathways are ubiquitous in most bacteria to complement thiamin de novo biosynthesis. This might cri ...
... Landscapes of thiamin biosynthetic genes or operons of some pathogens outlined via comparative genomics analysis demonstrated some specific thiamin biosynthetic pathways[42]. The salvage and transport pathways are ubiquitous in most bacteria to complement thiamin de novo biosynthesis. This might cri ...
Physiological meaning and potential for application of reductive
... oxidants [4] and can in principle serve as terminal electron acceptors in an anaerobic respiration. The first indications that alkyl dehalogenating bacteria could indeed benefit from the dechlorination reaction were obtained in studies with Clostridium rectum [31,32]. Cell suspensions of this strain ...
... oxidants [4] and can in principle serve as terminal electron acceptors in an anaerobic respiration. The first indications that alkyl dehalogenating bacteria could indeed benefit from the dechlorination reaction were obtained in studies with Clostridium rectum [31,32]. Cell suspensions of this strain ...
HMG CoA reductase
... The synthesis and utilization of cholesterol must be tightly regulated in order to prevent over-accumulation and abnormal deposition within the body Such deposition, eventually leading to atherosclerosis, is the leading contributory factor in diseases of the coronary arteries. ...
... The synthesis and utilization of cholesterol must be tightly regulated in order to prevent over-accumulation and abnormal deposition within the body Such deposition, eventually leading to atherosclerosis, is the leading contributory factor in diseases of the coronary arteries. ...
Document
... An amphipathic lipid, an essential structural component of membranes and the outher layer of plasma lipoproteins, Present in tissues and lipoproteins either as a free cholesterol or cholesteryl ester, Lipoproteins transport free cholesterol in the circulation, where it readily equilibrates with chol ...
... An amphipathic lipid, an essential structural component of membranes and the outher layer of plasma lipoproteins, Present in tissues and lipoproteins either as a free cholesterol or cholesteryl ester, Lipoproteins transport free cholesterol in the circulation, where it readily equilibrates with chol ...
Discovery of genes in the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) involved
... While the role of ceramide as a signaling molecule in response to stress has been well studied in mammalian systems there is little information on the function and metabolism of ceramide in invertebrates. Recently, Le Grand et al. (2011) discovered that ceramide-based phosphosphingolipids are an imp ...
... While the role of ceramide as a signaling molecule in response to stress has been well studied in mammalian systems there is little information on the function and metabolism of ceramide in invertebrates. Recently, Le Grand et al. (2011) discovered that ceramide-based phosphosphingolipids are an imp ...
Biological Networks Underlying Abiotic Stress Tolerance in
... biosynthesis and degradation. Plant adjustment to an altered environment requires myriads of novel proteins to be synthesized as well as myriads of proteins to be degraded. Therefore, several changes in the abundance of ribosomal proteins include proteins belonging to both eukaryotic and prokaryotic ...
... biosynthesis and degradation. Plant adjustment to an altered environment requires myriads of novel proteins to be synthesized as well as myriads of proteins to be degraded. Therefore, several changes in the abundance of ribosomal proteins include proteins belonging to both eukaryotic and prokaryotic ...
Metabolism
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/ATP-3D-vdW.png?width=300)
Metabolism (from Greek: μεταβολή metabolē, ""change"") is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of living organisms. These enzyme-catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. The word metabolism can also refer to all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms, including digestion and the transport of substances into and between different cells, in which case the set of reactions within the cells is called intermediary metabolism or intermediate metabolism.Metabolism is usually divided into two categories: catabolism, the breaking down of organic matter by way of cellular respiration, and anabolism, the building up of components of cells such as proteins and nucleic acids. Usually, breaking down releases energy and building up consumes energy.The chemical reactions of metabolism are organized into metabolic pathways, in which one chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical, by a sequence of enzymes. Enzymes are crucial to metabolism because they allow organisms to drive desirable reactions that require energy that will not occur by themselves, by coupling them to spontaneous reactions that release energy. Enzymes act as catalysts that allow the reactions to proceed more rapidly. Enzymes also allow the regulation of metabolic pathways in response to changes in the cell's environment or to signals from other cells.The metabolic system of a particular organism determines which substances it will find nutritious and which poisonous. For example, some prokaryotes use hydrogen sulfide as a nutrient, yet this gas is poisonous to animals. The speed of metabolism, the metabolic rate, influences how much food an organism will require, and also affects how it is able to obtain that food.A striking feature of metabolism is the similarity of the basic metabolic pathways and components between even vastly different species. For example, the set of carboxylic acids that are best known as the intermediates in the citric acid cycle are present in all known organisms, being found in species as diverse as the unicellular bacterium Escherichia coli and huge multicellular organisms like elephants. These striking similarities in metabolic pathways are likely due to their early appearance in evolutionary history, and their retention because of their efficacy.