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Biological Networks Underlying Abiotic Stress Tolerance in
... biosynthesis and degradation. Plant adjustment to an altered environment requires myriads of novel proteins to be synthesized as well as myriads of proteins to be degraded. Therefore, several changes in the abundance of ribosomal proteins include proteins belonging to both eukaryotic and prokaryotic ...
... biosynthesis and degradation. Plant adjustment to an altered environment requires myriads of novel proteins to be synthesized as well as myriads of proteins to be degraded. Therefore, several changes in the abundance of ribosomal proteins include proteins belonging to both eukaryotic and prokaryotic ...
Engineering Acetyl Coenzyme A Supply: Functional Expression of a
... Since intracellular transport of products and intermediates across mitochondrial membranes is difficult to engineer, heterologous product pathways are generally expressed in the yeast cytosol (but see reference 13). Productivities and yields of acetyl-CoAdependent products in engineered S. cerevisia ...
... Since intracellular transport of products and intermediates across mitochondrial membranes is difficult to engineer, heterologous product pathways are generally expressed in the yeast cytosol (but see reference 13). Productivities and yields of acetyl-CoAdependent products in engineered S. cerevisia ...
Unconstrained Structure Formation in Coarse
... simulations. To cope with this difficulty, increasingly more accurate and sophisticated coarse-grained models are currently being developed. In the present thesis, we introduce a solvent-free coarse-grained model for proteins. Proteins are modeled by four beads per amino acid, providing enough backb ...
... simulations. To cope with this difficulty, increasingly more accurate and sophisticated coarse-grained models are currently being developed. In the present thesis, we introduce a solvent-free coarse-grained model for proteins. Proteins are modeled by four beads per amino acid, providing enough backb ...
Nucleotide Sequence of fruA, the Gene Specifying Enzyme IIfru of
... The Enzyme IIfruof the phosphoenolpyruvate- (PEP-) dependent phosphotransferase system (PTS), which catalyses the uptake of fructose and its concomitant phosphorylation to fructose 1phosphate by Escherichia coli, is specified by a gene designatedfmA. The nucleotide sequence of a 2.5 kb PvuII restric ...
... The Enzyme IIfruof the phosphoenolpyruvate- (PEP-) dependent phosphotransferase system (PTS), which catalyses the uptake of fructose and its concomitant phosphorylation to fructose 1phosphate by Escherichia coli, is specified by a gene designatedfmA. The nucleotide sequence of a 2.5 kb PvuII restric ...
Basic Science for Clinicians
... ATP to amino acids on specific target proteins. The phosphorylation of even a single amino acid can induce conformational changes in enzymes, ion channels, and regulatory and structural proteins that alter their function. AMPK was first identified 20 years ago as a protein kinase that was responsive ...
... ATP to amino acids on specific target proteins. The phosphorylation of even a single amino acid can induce conformational changes in enzymes, ion channels, and regulatory and structural proteins that alter their function. AMPK was first identified 20 years ago as a protein kinase that was responsive ...
Treatment of patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma and lactic acidosis
... cancerous. In this picture a B-lymphocyte is shown, with his B-lymphocyte specific proteins ...
... cancerous. In this picture a B-lymphocyte is shown, with his B-lymphocyte specific proteins ...
Pathophysiology of lactic acidosis, and its clinical importance after
... lactate dehydrogenase to lactate. The anaerobic pathway is very inefficient, and only 2 moles of ATP are produced for each molecule of glucose that is converted to lactate. The lactate diffuses out of the cells and is converted to pyruvate and then is aerobically metabolized to carbon dioxide and AT ...
... lactate dehydrogenase to lactate. The anaerobic pathway is very inefficient, and only 2 moles of ATP are produced for each molecule of glucose that is converted to lactate. The lactate diffuses out of the cells and is converted to pyruvate and then is aerobically metabolized to carbon dioxide and AT ...
Sequence-based predictions of membrane-protein topology, homology and insertion
... major role in the origin of the field of bioinformatics, which deals with annotation, storage and analysis of such biological data. Accordingly, one of the first disciplines within bioinformatics, and still one of the largest, has been that of sequence analysis. Methods for automatic annotation of ...
... major role in the origin of the field of bioinformatics, which deals with annotation, storage and analysis of such biological data. Accordingly, one of the first disciplines within bioinformatics, and still one of the largest, has been that of sequence analysis. Methods for automatic annotation of ...
Protein Structure - Macmillan Learning
... rise to regular, repeating patterns. Tertiary structure includes all aspects of the three-dimensional folding pattern of the protein. And, in proteins that have two or more subunits, quaternary structure describes how the various subunits are arranged in space. In this chapter we explore how protein ...
... rise to regular, repeating patterns. Tertiary structure includes all aspects of the three-dimensional folding pattern of the protein. And, in proteins that have two or more subunits, quaternary structure describes how the various subunits are arranged in space. In this chapter we explore how protein ...
An Introduction to Enzyme Science
... contain one or more asymmetric carbon atoms. The stereospecific action of enzymes is the consequence of the fact that both protein and nucleic acid enzymes are polymers of asymmetric units, making resultant enzymes intrinsically asymmetric. It should be obvious that any L-amino acidcontaining polype ...
... contain one or more asymmetric carbon atoms. The stereospecific action of enzymes is the consequence of the fact that both protein and nucleic acid enzymes are polymers of asymmetric units, making resultant enzymes intrinsically asymmetric. It should be obvious that any L-amino acidcontaining polype ...
5. Coenzyme HAD+ is derived
... Alifiticheskie halo-substituted acids. Gidrokisloty. Oxoacids. α-amino acids. Peptides. Proteins. Carbohydrates. Heterocyclic compounds. Alkaloids. Nucleic acids. Nucleosides. Nucleotides. RNA and DNA. Lipids. Terpenes. Steroids. Thematic plan of lectures, laboratory and practical classes, SIWT, SIW ...
... Alifiticheskie halo-substituted acids. Gidrokisloty. Oxoacids. α-amino acids. Peptides. Proteins. Carbohydrates. Heterocyclic compounds. Alkaloids. Nucleic acids. Nucleosides. Nucleotides. RNA and DNA. Lipids. Terpenes. Steroids. Thematic plan of lectures, laboratory and practical classes, SIWT, SIW ...
Deciphering the Enigma of Lignification: Precursor Transport
... A. thaliana (Escamilla-Treviño et al., 2006). The cDNAs encoding coniferin b-glucosidase were isolated from both lodgepole pine and Arabidopsis; their expression was proved highly specific at the site of lignification (Dharmawardhana et al., 1999; Escamilla-Treviño et al., 2006). Based on the disc ...
... A. thaliana (Escamilla-Treviño et al., 2006). The cDNAs encoding coniferin b-glucosidase were isolated from both lodgepole pine and Arabidopsis; their expression was proved highly specific at the site of lignification (Dharmawardhana et al., 1999; Escamilla-Treviño et al., 2006). Based on the disc ...
Phase 1 - Orifera
... More recently, in 1999 Berkson published three case reports using a triple-antioxidant supplement regimen in patients with liver disease, including chronic hepatitis C infection. After several months of treatment with a combination of alpha lipoic acid, selenium and silymarin, all three patients rec ...
... More recently, in 1999 Berkson published three case reports using a triple-antioxidant supplement regimen in patients with liver disease, including chronic hepatitis C infection. After several months of treatment with a combination of alpha lipoic acid, selenium and silymarin, all three patients rec ...
Electrophoretic Properties of Native Proteins
... Electrophoresis of native proteins is useful in clinical and immunological analysis of complex biological samples, such as serum. Serum consists of many different types of proteins. Gel electrophoresis of native serum proteins at alkaline pH results in several zones. Albumin is by far the most abund ...
... Electrophoresis of native proteins is useful in clinical and immunological analysis of complex biological samples, such as serum. Serum consists of many different types of proteins. Gel electrophoresis of native serum proteins at alkaline pH results in several zones. Albumin is by far the most abund ...
Dietary Guidelines should reflect new understandings about adult
... to recognize that dietary protein needs are inversely proportional to energy intake [15]. Current guidelines present protein needs as a percentage of energy in proportion to carbohydrates and fats. For example, MyPyramid represents the macronutrient goals as 55% of energy from carbohydrates, 30% fro ...
... to recognize that dietary protein needs are inversely proportional to energy intake [15]. Current guidelines present protein needs as a percentage of energy in proportion to carbohydrates and fats. For example, MyPyramid represents the macronutrient goals as 55% of energy from carbohydrates, 30% fro ...
Plant growth-promoting endophytic bacteria versus
... To encourage the plant and endophytic bacterial association, 10 mL RWL-1 (4 108 CFU) was applied 5 days before the inoculation of the phytopathogenic fungus. The disease causing the F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici strain (KACC 40032) was grown and maintained on a PDA plate and after seventh day of ...
... To encourage the plant and endophytic bacterial association, 10 mL RWL-1 (4 108 CFU) was applied 5 days before the inoculation of the phytopathogenic fungus. The disease causing the F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici strain (KACC 40032) was grown and maintained on a PDA plate and after seventh day of ...
In vitro gastrointestinal digestion study of a novel bio-tofu
... & Corredig, 2012). Formulations containing both soymilk and cow milk proteins provide additional health benefits and also show great potential for new category of food products. The present work focused on a novel soymilk and cow milk mixed tofu, named as bio-tofu, by means of lactic acid bacteria ( ...
... & Corredig, 2012). Formulations containing both soymilk and cow milk proteins provide additional health benefits and also show great potential for new category of food products. The present work focused on a novel soymilk and cow milk mixed tofu, named as bio-tofu, by means of lactic acid bacteria ( ...
Dual-Source Chromium
... Dual Source Chromium may be useful as a dietary supplement for individuals who wish to supplement their intake of chromium or have a demonstrated need for supplemental chromium in its active form due to dietary deficiency or impaired metabolism. ...
... Dual Source Chromium may be useful as a dietary supplement for individuals who wish to supplement their intake of chromium or have a demonstrated need for supplemental chromium in its active form due to dietary deficiency or impaired metabolism. ...
article in press
... The pellets were resuspended in 500 l of PBS and counted in a hemocytometer chamber. After centrifugation at 14,000 × g for 10 s, the pellets were resuspended in 40 l of PBS, frozen at −20 ◦ C and thawed at room temperature. Complete cell disruption was performed by addition of 400 l of distilled ...
... The pellets were resuspended in 500 l of PBS and counted in a hemocytometer chamber. After centrifugation at 14,000 × g for 10 s, the pellets were resuspended in 40 l of PBS, frozen at −20 ◦ C and thawed at room temperature. Complete cell disruption was performed by addition of 400 l of distilled ...
High-fiexibility combinatorial peptide synthesis with laser
... microstructured with different material patterns by simply employing several donor surfaces consecutively. The LIFT method and its variants are applied in the production of, for example, Samsung’s organic light-emitting diode display4 and other electronic materials and devices5–7, nanoparticle8 or h ...
... microstructured with different material patterns by simply employing several donor surfaces consecutively. The LIFT method and its variants are applied in the production of, for example, Samsung’s organic light-emitting diode display4 and other electronic materials and devices5–7, nanoparticle8 or h ...
Olfactory morphology and physiology of elasmobranchs
... The response to alanine was recorded periodically throughout each experiment, as the magnitude of the response to the standard could change over experimental time. Thus, responses to amino acid test stimuli were taken as a percentage of a calculated response to the alanine standard. This calculated ...
... The response to alanine was recorded periodically throughout each experiment, as the magnitude of the response to the standard could change over experimental time. Thus, responses to amino acid test stimuli were taken as a percentage of a calculated response to the alanine standard. This calculated ...
Plant surface lipid biosynthetic pathways and their utility for
... acyl CoAs by a long-chain acyl CoA synthetase (LACS) in the outer envelope membrane. Of the nine LACS genes annotated in the Arabidopsis genome (Shockey et al., 2002), only one, LACS9, has been demonstrated to encode a plastid envelope enzyme (Schnurr et al., 2002). However, loss of function of LACS ...
... acyl CoAs by a long-chain acyl CoA synthetase (LACS) in the outer envelope membrane. Of the nine LACS genes annotated in the Arabidopsis genome (Shockey et al., 2002), only one, LACS9, has been demonstrated to encode a plastid envelope enzyme (Schnurr et al., 2002). However, loss of function of LACS ...
Unsaturated and Odd-Chain Fatty Acid Catabolism
... Most of the acetyl CoA produced by β-oxidation undergoes complete oxidation through the citric acid cycle. The entry of acetyl CoA into the citric acid cycle depends on the availability of oxaloacetate. Under fasting conditions or diabetes, gluconeogenisis depletes the concentration of oxaloacetate. ...
... Most of the acetyl CoA produced by β-oxidation undergoes complete oxidation through the citric acid cycle. The entry of acetyl CoA into the citric acid cycle depends on the availability of oxaloacetate. Under fasting conditions or diabetes, gluconeogenisis depletes the concentration of oxaloacetate. ...
Metabolism
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/ATP-3D-vdW.png?width=300)
Metabolism (from Greek: μεταβολή metabolē, ""change"") is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of living organisms. These enzyme-catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. The word metabolism can also refer to all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms, including digestion and the transport of substances into and between different cells, in which case the set of reactions within the cells is called intermediary metabolism or intermediate metabolism.Metabolism is usually divided into two categories: catabolism, the breaking down of organic matter by way of cellular respiration, and anabolism, the building up of components of cells such as proteins and nucleic acids. Usually, breaking down releases energy and building up consumes energy.The chemical reactions of metabolism are organized into metabolic pathways, in which one chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical, by a sequence of enzymes. Enzymes are crucial to metabolism because they allow organisms to drive desirable reactions that require energy that will not occur by themselves, by coupling them to spontaneous reactions that release energy. Enzymes act as catalysts that allow the reactions to proceed more rapidly. Enzymes also allow the regulation of metabolic pathways in response to changes in the cell's environment or to signals from other cells.The metabolic system of a particular organism determines which substances it will find nutritious and which poisonous. For example, some prokaryotes use hydrogen sulfide as a nutrient, yet this gas is poisonous to animals. The speed of metabolism, the metabolic rate, influences how much food an organism will require, and also affects how it is able to obtain that food.A striking feature of metabolism is the similarity of the basic metabolic pathways and components between even vastly different species. For example, the set of carboxylic acids that are best known as the intermediates in the citric acid cycle are present in all known organisms, being found in species as diverse as the unicellular bacterium Escherichia coli and huge multicellular organisms like elephants. These striking similarities in metabolic pathways are likely due to their early appearance in evolutionary history, and their retention because of their efficacy.