Full-Text PDF
... of LUCA (Last Universal Cellular Ancestor), along with the universal conservation of the translation machinery [29]. However, LUCA certainly was not the first life form and most likely, not even the first cellular organism, only an evolutionary bottleneck. The early stages of cellular and especially ...
... of LUCA (Last Universal Cellular Ancestor), along with the universal conservation of the translation machinery [29]. However, LUCA certainly was not the first life form and most likely, not even the first cellular organism, only an evolutionary bottleneck. The early stages of cellular and especially ...
i Insights from a metabolic chimera: Pyruvate Kinase and Aspartate
... To answer this question, I investigated the unique metabolic demands of the photoreceptor from energy expenditure to anabolic processes. To understand what fuels these demands I researched the extent of glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation not only within the photoreceptor, but between the vario ...
... To answer this question, I investigated the unique metabolic demands of the photoreceptor from energy expenditure to anabolic processes. To understand what fuels these demands I researched the extent of glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation not only within the photoreceptor, but between the vario ...
Rapamycin increases mitochondrial efficiency by mtDNA
... Mitochondria are specialized organelles that convert metabolic substrates into adenosine ...
... Mitochondria are specialized organelles that convert metabolic substrates into adenosine ...
STARCH AND OTHER POLYSACCHARIDES
... Starch synthase (ADP-1-Glc-1-4-α-glucan-4-D-glucosyltransferase) occurs, like the above one, in many isoforms of various localisation. Different isoform structures result from corresponding gene modifications, which controlled their synthesis during evolution; this depends on plant family or even sp ...
... Starch synthase (ADP-1-Glc-1-4-α-glucan-4-D-glucosyltransferase) occurs, like the above one, in many isoforms of various localisation. Different isoform structures result from corresponding gene modifications, which controlled their synthesis during evolution; this depends on plant family or even sp ...
Exploring Science Matching Grid by CfE Statement
... are adapted for survival. I can predict the impact of population growth and natural hazards on biodiversity. I have collaborated on investigations into the process of photosynthesis and can I demonstrate my understanding of why plants are vital to sustaining life on Earth. ...
... are adapted for survival. I can predict the impact of population growth and natural hazards on biodiversity. I have collaborated on investigations into the process of photosynthesis and can I demonstrate my understanding of why plants are vital to sustaining life on Earth. ...
A Bifunctional tRNA for In Vitro Selection
... pressed in vivo; the cell membrane encapsulates corresponding protein and nucleic acid sequences during complex formation. Ribosome display [7] relies on the integrity of stalled translation complexes to maintain a link between an mRNA and its protein product. With mRNA display [8, 9], covalent prot ...
... pressed in vivo; the cell membrane encapsulates corresponding protein and nucleic acid sequences during complex formation. Ribosome display [7] relies on the integrity of stalled translation complexes to maintain a link between an mRNA and its protein product. With mRNA display [8, 9], covalent prot ...
ANAPHYLAXIS IN CHOPPED GUINEA PIG LUNG II
... atropine and 10-6 ~ mepyramine as reported by Brocldehurst (6). The values for SRS-A are expressed in arbitrary units per gram wet lung tissue. A unit refers to ~'~0 ml. of a standard sample of freeze-dried perfusate (6). The standard sample was obtained by pooling the perfusates obtained during in ...
... atropine and 10-6 ~ mepyramine as reported by Brocldehurst (6). The values for SRS-A are expressed in arbitrary units per gram wet lung tissue. A unit refers to ~'~0 ml. of a standard sample of freeze-dried perfusate (6). The standard sample was obtained by pooling the perfusates obtained during in ...
Effect of Alanine-293 Replacement on the Activity, ATP Binding, and
... aminoacylation activity of LeuRS than any of the other substitutions A293D, A293R, A293G, A293I, A293Y and A293F. 293A is only involved in the binding of ATP, and all amino acid substitutions above caused stronger binding of ATP. Moreover, the negative charge at this site, induced by mutation A293D, ...
... aminoacylation activity of LeuRS than any of the other substitutions A293D, A293R, A293G, A293I, A293Y and A293F. 293A is only involved in the binding of ATP, and all amino acid substitutions above caused stronger binding of ATP. Moreover, the negative charge at this site, induced by mutation A293D, ...
Development of Software Package for Determining Protein
... Asp102 of Chymotrypsin – hydrogen bond with His57 – increases pKa His57 can accepts proton from Ser195 – activates serine protease for cleavage of substrate pKa shift important for each chemical reaction in catalytic mechanism Necessary to donate and abstract protons from neighboring groups Without ...
... Asp102 of Chymotrypsin – hydrogen bond with His57 – increases pKa His57 can accepts proton from Ser195 – activates serine protease for cleavage of substrate pKa shift important for each chemical reaction in catalytic mechanism Necessary to donate and abstract protons from neighboring groups Without ...
Enzyme kinetics and its relevance to enzyme assay
... Coupled Enzyme Systems Not all enzymes can be measured quite so simply as lactate dehydrogenase or alkaline phosphatase, and numerous procedures have been devised in which the test reaction is coupled with one or more auxiliary or indicator reactions. Perhaps the best known of these is the spectroph ...
... Coupled Enzyme Systems Not all enzymes can be measured quite so simply as lactate dehydrogenase or alkaline phosphatase, and numerous procedures have been devised in which the test reaction is coupled with one or more auxiliary or indicator reactions. Perhaps the best known of these is the spectroph ...
CHAPTER 2 Nitric oxide inhibits glycogen synthesis in - UvA-DARE
... fromm proline oxidation, the effect of SNAP on the intracellular accumulation of glutamatee was tested. The level of this amino acid was not affected by SNAP, nor was proline-induccdd cell swelling (data not shown). Subsequently,, the effect of SNAP on the activity of glycogen synthase phosphatase a ...
... fromm proline oxidation, the effect of SNAP on the intracellular accumulation of glutamatee was tested. The level of this amino acid was not affected by SNAP, nor was proline-induccdd cell swelling (data not shown). Subsequently,, the effect of SNAP on the activity of glycogen synthase phosphatase a ...
Terpene Biosynthesis
... deacylation of HMG-CoA to mevalonate (MVA) 3 via mevaldate 2 and employs two equivalents of NADPH as reductant Scheme 1. This enzyme activity provides an important control mechanism for the flow of metabolites into mevalonate and, especially, into steroid biosynthesis and its study continues to stimu ...
... deacylation of HMG-CoA to mevalonate (MVA) 3 via mevaldate 2 and employs two equivalents of NADPH as reductant Scheme 1. This enzyme activity provides an important control mechanism for the flow of metabolites into mevalonate and, especially, into steroid biosynthesis and its study continues to stimu ...
Anchoring of Surface Proteins to the Cell Wall of Staphylococcus
... peptide/membrane anchor catalyzes the transpeptidation reaction of surface protein anchoring in vitro, using LPXTG peptides and NH2-Gly3 as a peptidoglycan substrate (9). Both the in vivo and in vitro reactions of sortase can be inhibited with the thiolate reagent methylmethane thiosulfonate (for ex ...
... peptide/membrane anchor catalyzes the transpeptidation reaction of surface protein anchoring in vitro, using LPXTG peptides and NH2-Gly3 as a peptidoglycan substrate (9). Both the in vivo and in vitro reactions of sortase can be inhibited with the thiolate reagent methylmethane thiosulfonate (for ex ...
Diabetes and Mitochondria
... Mitochondrion contains double-membrane organelles with multiple essential cellular functions. The mitochondria-specific proteins are encoded and con-trolled by both the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes [2]. Mitochondria are always recognized for the role in generating cellular adenosine 5'-triphosp ...
... Mitochondrion contains double-membrane organelles with multiple essential cellular functions. The mitochondria-specific proteins are encoded and con-trolled by both the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes [2]. Mitochondria are always recognized for the role in generating cellular adenosine 5'-triphosp ...
NAD Malic Enzyme and the Control of
... It is well established that the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle functions universally in plant mitochondria in the breakdown of pyruvate derived from various metabolic processes to produce ATP, reducing equivalents, and biosynthetic precursors. There are three ways in which carbon can enter the cycle ...
... It is well established that the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle functions universally in plant mitochondria in the breakdown of pyruvate derived from various metabolic processes to produce ATP, reducing equivalents, and biosynthetic precursors. There are three ways in which carbon can enter the cycle ...
Skeletal muscle phenotype affects fasting
... increase of intramuscular lipid concentration. By contrast, fasting decreased the activity of oxidative phosphorylation but did not alter the coupling efficiency and protein expression of mitochondria isolated from the gastrocnemius muscles. Hence, the adjustment of mitochondrial efficiency to fasti ...
... increase of intramuscular lipid concentration. By contrast, fasting decreased the activity of oxidative phosphorylation but did not alter the coupling efficiency and protein expression of mitochondria isolated from the gastrocnemius muscles. Hence, the adjustment of mitochondrial efficiency to fasti ...
Molecular Record – evidence for common ancestry
... Molecular Record – evidence for common ancestry Scientists can examine the amino acid sequences of particular protein molecules found in vertebrates to determine the degree of similarity between vertebrate species. Even organisms that appear to have few physical similarities may have similar sequenc ...
... Molecular Record – evidence for common ancestry Scientists can examine the amino acid sequences of particular protein molecules found in vertebrates to determine the degree of similarity between vertebrate species. Even organisms that appear to have few physical similarities may have similar sequenc ...
University of Groningen Mutants and homologs of
... activating the hydroxyl group of Serβ1, which is the nucleophile in the first processing step [53-55] (Figure 3). If this water is forced out by mutating Pheβ177 to proline, the hydroxyl group is not positioned correctly and processing is inhibited [55]. In the nondeficient enzyme, the formed interm ...
... activating the hydroxyl group of Serβ1, which is the nucleophile in the first processing step [53-55] (Figure 3). If this water is forced out by mutating Pheβ177 to proline, the hydroxyl group is not positioned correctly and processing is inhibited [55]. In the nondeficient enzyme, the formed interm ...
Curriculum Vitae
... a Ph.D. in organic chemistry under Louis Fieser at Harvard, then went on to apply the tools of organic and biochemistry to investigations of chemical carcinogenesis at the molecular and cellular levels. Scientists from all these disciplines worked on simultaneous projects in Heidelberger’s group at ...
... a Ph.D. in organic chemistry under Louis Fieser at Harvard, then went on to apply the tools of organic and biochemistry to investigations of chemical carcinogenesis at the molecular and cellular levels. Scientists from all these disciplines worked on simultaneous projects in Heidelberger’s group at ...
709 Reactive oxygen species in plants: their generation, signal
... with the electron transport chain (ETC) is the primary source of 1O2, which may also arise as a byproduct of LP, which is catalyzed by lipoxygenase (LOX, Fig. 2, Asada, 2006; Foyer and Noctor, 2009). Limited CO2 fixation due to stress conditions leads to a decrease in carbon reduction by the Calvin ...
... with the electron transport chain (ETC) is the primary source of 1O2, which may also arise as a byproduct of LP, which is catalyzed by lipoxygenase (LOX, Fig. 2, Asada, 2006; Foyer and Noctor, 2009). Limited CO2 fixation due to stress conditions leads to a decrease in carbon reduction by the Calvin ...
Metabolism
Metabolism (from Greek: μεταβολή metabolē, ""change"") is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of living organisms. These enzyme-catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. The word metabolism can also refer to all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms, including digestion and the transport of substances into and between different cells, in which case the set of reactions within the cells is called intermediary metabolism or intermediate metabolism.Metabolism is usually divided into two categories: catabolism, the breaking down of organic matter by way of cellular respiration, and anabolism, the building up of components of cells such as proteins and nucleic acids. Usually, breaking down releases energy and building up consumes energy.The chemical reactions of metabolism are organized into metabolic pathways, in which one chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical, by a sequence of enzymes. Enzymes are crucial to metabolism because they allow organisms to drive desirable reactions that require energy that will not occur by themselves, by coupling them to spontaneous reactions that release energy. Enzymes act as catalysts that allow the reactions to proceed more rapidly. Enzymes also allow the regulation of metabolic pathways in response to changes in the cell's environment or to signals from other cells.The metabolic system of a particular organism determines which substances it will find nutritious and which poisonous. For example, some prokaryotes use hydrogen sulfide as a nutrient, yet this gas is poisonous to animals. The speed of metabolism, the metabolic rate, influences how much food an organism will require, and also affects how it is able to obtain that food.A striking feature of metabolism is the similarity of the basic metabolic pathways and components between even vastly different species. For example, the set of carboxylic acids that are best known as the intermediates in the citric acid cycle are present in all known organisms, being found in species as diverse as the unicellular bacterium Escherichia coli and huge multicellular organisms like elephants. These striking similarities in metabolic pathways are likely due to their early appearance in evolutionary history, and their retention because of their efficacy.