![Modifying the chain-length selectivity of the](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/022416981_1-8ca433b8680b70c6ceb9325d7b05e372-300x300.png)
Modifying the chain-length selectivity of the
... former contains Leu instead of Val at the 266th position. A molecular model of BCL docked with saturated fatty acid methyl esters in the tetrahedral intermediate state was built by Pleiss et al. (Pleiss et al., 1998) describing the acyl chain binding by respective amino acids. In BCL, the fatty-acid ...
... former contains Leu instead of Val at the 266th position. A molecular model of BCL docked with saturated fatty acid methyl esters in the tetrahedral intermediate state was built by Pleiss et al. (Pleiss et al., 1998) describing the acyl chain binding by respective amino acids. In BCL, the fatty-acid ...
709 Reactive oxygen species in plants: their generation, signal
... with the electron transport chain (ETC) is the primary source of 1O2, which may also arise as a byproduct of LP, which is catalyzed by lipoxygenase (LOX, Fig. 2, Asada, 2006; Foyer and Noctor, 2009). Limited CO2 fixation due to stress conditions leads to a decrease in carbon reduction by the Calvin ...
... with the electron transport chain (ETC) is the primary source of 1O2, which may also arise as a byproduct of LP, which is catalyzed by lipoxygenase (LOX, Fig. 2, Asada, 2006; Foyer and Noctor, 2009). Limited CO2 fixation due to stress conditions leads to a decrease in carbon reduction by the Calvin ...
Plant and Soil. 182:
... and N2 fixation by soybean bacteroids may be stimulated by exogenous glutamate. Glutamate catabolic activity was detected in both the free-living and bacteroid forms of R. meliloti indicating that this amino acid may be implicated as an additional carbon source for effective nitrogen fixation (Fitzm ...
... and N2 fixation by soybean bacteroids may be stimulated by exogenous glutamate. Glutamate catabolic activity was detected in both the free-living and bacteroid forms of R. meliloti indicating that this amino acid may be implicated as an additional carbon source for effective nitrogen fixation (Fitzm ...
Relations between Intracellular Ions and Energy Metabolism: A
... Probes. Euaene. OR: 500 UM stock dissolved in dimethvlsulfoxide) was added (5 rl?ml) to synaptosomes suspended in Krebs-Henseleit-HEPES buffer, pH 7.4 (5 mg protein/ml). The suspension was supplemented with 10 mM glucose and 1.27 mM CaCl, and incubated for 30 min at 37°C in a shaking water bath to a ...
... Probes. Euaene. OR: 500 UM stock dissolved in dimethvlsulfoxide) was added (5 rl?ml) to synaptosomes suspended in Krebs-Henseleit-HEPES buffer, pH 7.4 (5 mg protein/ml). The suspension was supplemented with 10 mM glucose and 1.27 mM CaCl, and incubated for 30 min at 37°C in a shaking water bath to a ...
FREE Sample Here
... Page Ref: Section 1-8 58) Ribosomes on the surface of rough endoplasmic reticulum are the site of ATP synthesis. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: Section 1-8 59) The Golgi apparatus consists of flattened, fluid-filled, membranous sacs and is responsible for chemical modification and sorting of some biomolecu ...
... Page Ref: Section 1-8 58) Ribosomes on the surface of rough endoplasmic reticulum are the site of ATP synthesis. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: Section 1-8 59) The Golgi apparatus consists of flattened, fluid-filled, membranous sacs and is responsible for chemical modification and sorting of some biomolecu ...
PHOSPHORUS AND SULFUR COSMOCHEMISTRY
... Meteoritic schreibersite provided an abundant source of reactive phosphorus for the early Earth. Water corrodes schreibersite to form a mixed valence series of phosphorus compounds. Schreibersite corrosion was studied by a variety of techniques, including NMR, MS, XRD, and EPR. Reduced phosphorus in ...
... Meteoritic schreibersite provided an abundant source of reactive phosphorus for the early Earth. Water corrodes schreibersite to form a mixed valence series of phosphorus compounds. Schreibersite corrosion was studied by a variety of techniques, including NMR, MS, XRD, and EPR. Reduced phosphorus in ...
11-Electrophoretic method for the separation of LDH
... Electrophoretic method for the separation of LDH Isoenzymes On agarose gel The final reaction of anaerobic (without oxygen) glycolysis is the conversion of pyruvate to lactic acid and this reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). In skeletal muscle, where oxygen deprivation i ...
... Electrophoretic method for the separation of LDH Isoenzymes On agarose gel The final reaction of anaerobic (without oxygen) glycolysis is the conversion of pyruvate to lactic acid and this reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). In skeletal muscle, where oxygen deprivation i ...
A unified model of the standard genetic code
... of the SGC, particularly the frozen accident. Francis Crick [4] argued that the SGC need not be special at all; it could be nothing more than a ‘frozen accident’. Yet as we show in this article, there are indeed several features that are special about the SGC: firstly, it can be partitioned exactly ...
... of the SGC, particularly the frozen accident. Francis Crick [4] argued that the SGC need not be special at all; it could be nothing more than a ‘frozen accident’. Yet as we show in this article, there are indeed several features that are special about the SGC: firstly, it can be partitioned exactly ...
Balancing between respiration and fermentation - UvA-DARE
... bb22 (L-lactate cytochrome-c reductase) is able to donate electrons directly to cytochrome c by oxidizing Llactate,, and further reducing equivalents are supplied by succinate dehydrogenase. The redox cascade involvedd the hydrophobic carrier ubiquinone (UQ) and the hydrophilic carrier cytochrome c ...
... bb22 (L-lactate cytochrome-c reductase) is able to donate electrons directly to cytochrome c by oxidizing Llactate,, and further reducing equivalents are supplied by succinate dehydrogenase. The redox cascade involvedd the hydrophobic carrier ubiquinone (UQ) and the hydrophilic carrier cytochrome c ...
Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein Multiple-Choice Questions
... Answer: A Topic: Concept 17.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension ...
... Answer: A Topic: Concept 17.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension ...
PpASCL, a moss ortholog of antherspecific chalcone synthaselike
... begun to reveal the biochemical pathways leading to sporopollenin synthesis. In Arabidopsis, several genes have been implicated in sporopollenin biosynthesis. The MALE STERILITY2 (MS2) gene encodes a putative fatty acid reductase and may reduce very long chain fatty acids to fatty alcohols (Doan et ...
... begun to reveal the biochemical pathways leading to sporopollenin synthesis. In Arabidopsis, several genes have been implicated in sporopollenin biosynthesis. The MALE STERILITY2 (MS2) gene encodes a putative fatty acid reductase and may reduce very long chain fatty acids to fatty alcohols (Doan et ...
Epoxyeicosatrienoic Acids Increase Intracellular
... influx of extracellular Ca21.10 Likewise, 11,12-EET enhances the L-type Ca21 current in adult rat ventricular myocytes, although the Ca21 influx was not blocked by a voltage-dependent Ca21 channel antagonist.10,13 However, in a recent study EETs were reported to inhibit cardiac L-type Ca21 channel a ...
... influx of extracellular Ca21.10 Likewise, 11,12-EET enhances the L-type Ca21 current in adult rat ventricular myocytes, although the Ca21 influx was not blocked by a voltage-dependent Ca21 channel antagonist.10,13 However, in a recent study EETs were reported to inhibit cardiac L-type Ca21 channel a ...
The Role in Translation of Editing and Multi
... rapid recycling of tRNAs. In addition to their aminoacylation functions, about half of the aaRSs have evolved an editing function, which hydrolyzes non-cognate amino acid from its cognate tRNA thereby maintaining the fidelity of translation. Phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase (PheRS) misactivates and misc ...
... rapid recycling of tRNAs. In addition to their aminoacylation functions, about half of the aaRSs have evolved an editing function, which hydrolyzes non-cognate amino acid from its cognate tRNA thereby maintaining the fidelity of translation. Phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase (PheRS) misactivates and misc ...
Nonredox Nickel Enzymes - American Chemical Society
... enzyme to be crystallized, providing clear evidence that enzymes are proteins,19 while in 1975 the requirement for nickel in JBU catalysis was established, providing the first example for the biological essentiality of this metal as an enzyme cofactor.20 Since then, significant steps toward a complete ...
... enzyme to be crystallized, providing clear evidence that enzymes are proteins,19 while in 1975 the requirement for nickel in JBU catalysis was established, providing the first example for the biological essentiality of this metal as an enzyme cofactor.20 Since then, significant steps toward a complete ...
Iron-sulfur proteins and the role of iron in the gene expression of
... Proteins that contain iron-sulfur (FeS) clusters as a prosthetic group are widely utilised in all living organisms for a variety of cellular processes. Inorganic FeS metal compounds were already present in hydrothermal vents in the anaerobic atmosphere of the ancient earth and were most likely the c ...
... Proteins that contain iron-sulfur (FeS) clusters as a prosthetic group are widely utilised in all living organisms for a variety of cellular processes. Inorganic FeS metal compounds were already present in hydrothermal vents in the anaerobic atmosphere of the ancient earth and were most likely the c ...
The effects of free amino acids profiles on seeds germination
... their germination under favorable environmental conditions. Most plant seeds have complex process of germination, including water, oxygen, temperature availability, genome-wide gene expression, signal transduction, hormones stimulations, inhibitors removal and catalytic protein synthesis. In additio ...
... their germination under favorable environmental conditions. Most plant seeds have complex process of germination, including water, oxygen, temperature availability, genome-wide gene expression, signal transduction, hormones stimulations, inhibitors removal and catalytic protein synthesis. In additio ...
Enzyme
... KM of a pair enzyme-substrate a) is decreased by a competitive inhibitor b) is equal to the concentration of a substrate when an activity of the enzyme is maximal c) is increased by a noncompetitive inhibitor d) is directly proportional to an affinity of the enzyme to its substrate ...
... KM of a pair enzyme-substrate a) is decreased by a competitive inhibitor b) is equal to the concentration of a substrate when an activity of the enzyme is maximal c) is increased by a noncompetitive inhibitor d) is directly proportional to an affinity of the enzyme to its substrate ...
Porphyrins (Structure of Porphyrins)
... Porphyrins are cyclic compounds that readily bind metal ions, usually Fe2+, Fe3+. The most prevalent metallopophyrin in human is heme, which consists of one Fe2+ coordinated in the center of tetrapyrrol ring protoporphyrin lX through methenyl bridges. Heme is the prothetic group for hemoglopin, myog ...
... Porphyrins are cyclic compounds that readily bind metal ions, usually Fe2+, Fe3+. The most prevalent metallopophyrin in human is heme, which consists of one Fe2+ coordinated in the center of tetrapyrrol ring protoporphyrin lX through methenyl bridges. Heme is the prothetic group for hemoglopin, myog ...
The effect of a low-carbohydrate diet on performance, hormonal and
... 30% of the pre-exercise value within 60 min, while insulin and glucose levels were elevated. The main conclusions of this study are: (1) a L-CHO diet is detrimental to anaerobic work capacity, possibly because of a reduced muscle glycogen store and decreased rate of glycolysis; (2) reduced carbohyd ...
... 30% of the pre-exercise value within 60 min, while insulin and glucose levels were elevated. The main conclusions of this study are: (1) a L-CHO diet is detrimental to anaerobic work capacity, possibly because of a reduced muscle glycogen store and decreased rate of glycolysis; (2) reduced carbohyd ...
Cyclooxygenase mechanisms Lawrence J Marnett
... Hydroperoxide activators The activation of resting enzyme following addition of arachidonic acid in vitro is due to the presence of trace amounts of hydroperoxide in the fatty acid preparation. Activation is completely inhibited by addition of high concentrations of glutathione peroxidase and glutat ...
... Hydroperoxide activators The activation of resting enzyme following addition of arachidonic acid in vitro is due to the presence of trace amounts of hydroperoxide in the fatty acid preparation. Activation is completely inhibited by addition of high concentrations of glutathione peroxidase and glutat ...
Kinetics and mechanisms of reactions catalyzed by
... controlled hydrolysis and interesterification of bulk fats and oils because of their high discriminating ability and to the purity of the products resulting therefrom. The use of such enzymes avoids the need for harsh processing conditions, such as the high temperatures required by nonenzymatic spli ...
... controlled hydrolysis and interesterification of bulk fats and oils because of their high discriminating ability and to the purity of the products resulting therefrom. The use of such enzymes avoids the need for harsh processing conditions, such as the high temperatures required by nonenzymatic spli ...
Lewis 1..13 - Gerszten Lab
... Science Translational Medicine (print ISSN 1946-6234; online ISSN 1946-6242) is published weekly, except the last week in December, by the American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1200 New York Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20005. Copyright 2010 by the American Association for the Advancemen ...
... Science Translational Medicine (print ISSN 1946-6234; online ISSN 1946-6242) is published weekly, except the last week in December, by the American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1200 New York Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20005. Copyright 2010 by the American Association for the Advancemen ...
Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
... In this study, evidences of IAA intermediates of IPA, IAAld, ILA, IAA, and TOL in the culture supernatant and feeding experiments suggested the existence of the only IPA pathway for IAA biosynthesis of P. polymyxa E681 (Fig. 2). Results of the IAA intermediates accumulated in the E681 culture demons ...
... In this study, evidences of IAA intermediates of IPA, IAAld, ILA, IAA, and TOL in the culture supernatant and feeding experiments suggested the existence of the only IPA pathway for IAA biosynthesis of P. polymyxa E681 (Fig. 2). Results of the IAA intermediates accumulated in the E681 culture demons ...
Porphyrin Metabolism & Porphyrias
... Cytochrome P450s (CYPs) are actually a superfamily of related, heme-containing monooxygenase enzymes that participate in abroad variety of reactions. This system performs different functions in two separate locations in cells. ...
... Cytochrome P450s (CYPs) are actually a superfamily of related, heme-containing monooxygenase enzymes that participate in abroad variety of reactions. This system performs different functions in two separate locations in cells. ...
Metabolism
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/ATP-3D-vdW.png?width=300)
Metabolism (from Greek: μεταβολή metabolē, ""change"") is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of living organisms. These enzyme-catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. The word metabolism can also refer to all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms, including digestion and the transport of substances into and between different cells, in which case the set of reactions within the cells is called intermediary metabolism or intermediate metabolism.Metabolism is usually divided into two categories: catabolism, the breaking down of organic matter by way of cellular respiration, and anabolism, the building up of components of cells such as proteins and nucleic acids. Usually, breaking down releases energy and building up consumes energy.The chemical reactions of metabolism are organized into metabolic pathways, in which one chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical, by a sequence of enzymes. Enzymes are crucial to metabolism because they allow organisms to drive desirable reactions that require energy that will not occur by themselves, by coupling them to spontaneous reactions that release energy. Enzymes act as catalysts that allow the reactions to proceed more rapidly. Enzymes also allow the regulation of metabolic pathways in response to changes in the cell's environment or to signals from other cells.The metabolic system of a particular organism determines which substances it will find nutritious and which poisonous. For example, some prokaryotes use hydrogen sulfide as a nutrient, yet this gas is poisonous to animals. The speed of metabolism, the metabolic rate, influences how much food an organism will require, and also affects how it is able to obtain that food.A striking feature of metabolism is the similarity of the basic metabolic pathways and components between even vastly different species. For example, the set of carboxylic acids that are best known as the intermediates in the citric acid cycle are present in all known organisms, being found in species as diverse as the unicellular bacterium Escherichia coli and huge multicellular organisms like elephants. These striking similarities in metabolic pathways are likely due to their early appearance in evolutionary history, and their retention because of their efficacy.