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SOLUBILITY AND DISSOLUTION STUDY OF PHYSICAL MIXTURE OF CARBAMAZEPINE AND
... Figure 9 shown, FTIR of CBZ spectra give characteristic absorption bands form III of CBZ at wave number 3465 cm-1 (-NH stretching), 1677 cm-1 (-C = O stretching), 1605 and 1594 cm-1 (range of -C = C - and-C = O vibration and -NH deformation), and 1384 cm-1 (-C = N bond). The results are similar to t ...
... Figure 9 shown, FTIR of CBZ spectra give characteristic absorption bands form III of CBZ at wave number 3465 cm-1 (-NH stretching), 1677 cm-1 (-C = O stretching), 1605 and 1594 cm-1 (range of -C = C - and-C = O vibration and -NH deformation), and 1384 cm-1 (-C = N bond). The results are similar to t ...
STRUCTURE-FUNCTION STUDIES OF THE CARNITINE/CHOLINE
... over-eating, too many carbohydrates, too much saturated fat). However, research has shown that there may be a genetic influence on weight disorders [2]. One of the National Health Objectives is to reduce the prevalence of obesity among adults to less than 15%. Perhaps the most effective way to comba ...
... over-eating, too many carbohydrates, too much saturated fat). However, research has shown that there may be a genetic influence on weight disorders [2]. One of the National Health Objectives is to reduce the prevalence of obesity among adults to less than 15%. Perhaps the most effective way to comba ...
Cholesterol Synthesis
... P450 substrates include steroids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, eicosanoids, retinoids, & various non-polar xenobiotics (drugs & other foreign compounds). Some P450 enzymes have broad substrate specificity. Mechanisms for detoxification of non-polar compounds include reactions such as hydroxylati ...
... P450 substrates include steroids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, eicosanoids, retinoids, & various non-polar xenobiotics (drugs & other foreign compounds). Some P450 enzymes have broad substrate specificity. Mechanisms for detoxification of non-polar compounds include reactions such as hydroxylati ...
HEMAGGLUTINATION BY PURIFIED TYPE I ESCHERICHIA
... cal Corp.; a-mannosidase, 1 U/m] (EC 3.2.1.24; Sigma Chemical Corp.); a-galactosidase, 1 U/ml (EC 3.2.1.22; Boehringer M a n n h e i m Corp., New York), mixed glycosidases, 6.25 mg/ml (Miles Laboratories Inc., Miles Research Products, Elkhart, Ind.). These mixtures were rotated at 37°C for 30 min an ...
... cal Corp.; a-mannosidase, 1 U/m] (EC 3.2.1.24; Sigma Chemical Corp.); a-galactosidase, 1 U/ml (EC 3.2.1.22; Boehringer M a n n h e i m Corp., New York), mixed glycosidases, 6.25 mg/ml (Miles Laboratories Inc., Miles Research Products, Elkhart, Ind.). These mixtures were rotated at 37°C for 30 min an ...
Milk production and energy metabolism in ruminants fed 2
... nutrients are partitioned to it rather than to other body tissues (Figure 1). The term "homeorhesls" has been used to describe this focusing of the various body systems toward establishing and providing for one particular body process, i.e., the synthesis of milk. ...
... nutrients are partitioned to it rather than to other body tissues (Figure 1). The term "homeorhesls" has been used to describe this focusing of the various body systems toward establishing and providing for one particular body process, i.e., the synthesis of milk. ...
A fluorophore ligase for site-specific protein labeling inside living cells
... for coumarin ligation activity in living cells. Third, we characterized the sequence specificity of both coumarin ligases. It was unclear if remodeling of the lipoic acid binding pocket would affect LplA’s recognition of peptide and protein substrates. In addition, mammalian cells express protein su ...
... for coumarin ligation activity in living cells. Third, we characterized the sequence specificity of both coumarin ligases. It was unclear if remodeling of the lipoic acid binding pocket would affect LplA’s recognition of peptide and protein substrates. In addition, mammalian cells express protein su ...
Functional characterization of polypeptide release factor 1b in the
... In higher eukaryotes, RF-I (class I release factor) [eRF1 (eukaryotic release factor 1)] is responsible for stop codon recognition and promotes nascent polypeptide release from the ribosome. Interestingly, two class I RFs, eRF1a and eRF1b, have been identified among the ciliates Euplotes, which are ...
... In higher eukaryotes, RF-I (class I release factor) [eRF1 (eukaryotic release factor 1)] is responsible for stop codon recognition and promotes nascent polypeptide release from the ribosome. Interestingly, two class I RFs, eRF1a and eRF1b, have been identified among the ciliates Euplotes, which are ...
Purification and characterization of pyruvate decarboxylase from
... during the fermentation of glucose, but 100 mM-ethanol caused only a slight reduction (22%) in pyruvate decarboxylase activity. Phosphate increased the cooperativity and decreased the apparent affinity for pyruvate of pyruvate decarboxylase from Sacch. cerevisiae (Boiteux & Hess, 1970), but 100 mM-p ...
... during the fermentation of glucose, but 100 mM-ethanol caused only a slight reduction (22%) in pyruvate decarboxylase activity. Phosphate increased the cooperativity and decreased the apparent affinity for pyruvate of pyruvate decarboxylase from Sacch. cerevisiae (Boiteux & Hess, 1970), but 100 mM-p ...
13 Aldehydes and Ketones
... needed by the cell as enzymes—biological catalysts—as essential structural elements, and much more. But DNA cannot be read directly to produce these critical proteins. Instead, the genetic information carried by the DNA is copied to produce a variety of ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules. These RNA mo ...
... needed by the cell as enzymes—biological catalysts—as essential structural elements, and much more. But DNA cannot be read directly to produce these critical proteins. Instead, the genetic information carried by the DNA is copied to produce a variety of ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules. These RNA mo ...
Branched-chain 2-oxoacids transamination increases
... in a reaction probably catalyzed by a specific branched-chain 2-oxoacid aminotransferase (BCAT) activity [5-8]. Moreover, they can be oxidised to CO2 an acetoacetate [5,9,10] and it has been shown that oxo-4-methylpentanoate (also known as α-ketoisocaproate, KIC) is oxidized at a similar rate to hig ...
... in a reaction probably catalyzed by a specific branched-chain 2-oxoacid aminotransferase (BCAT) activity [5-8]. Moreover, they can be oxidised to CO2 an acetoacetate [5,9,10] and it has been shown that oxo-4-methylpentanoate (also known as α-ketoisocaproate, KIC) is oxidized at a similar rate to hig ...
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... Isotope labeling studies in Nicotiana plumbaginifolia suspension cells have shown that methyl groups released from nicotine by N-demethylation find their way into many primary metabolites, such as Met and Ser, suggesting that they re-enter the C1-folate pool (Mesnard et al., 2002; Bartholomeusz et a ...
... Isotope labeling studies in Nicotiana plumbaginifolia suspension cells have shown that methyl groups released from nicotine by N-demethylation find their way into many primary metabolites, such as Met and Ser, suggesting that they re-enter the C1-folate pool (Mesnard et al., 2002; Bartholomeusz et a ...
Cytochromes P450 – importance of tissue specificity
... Mammals express multiple cytochromes P450 simultaneously in a variety of tissues, including the liver, kidney, lung, adrenal, gonads, brain, and most others. For cytochromes P450 that are expressed in many tissues or cell types, the tissue/cell type-specific expression might be associated with their ...
... Mammals express multiple cytochromes P450 simultaneously in a variety of tissues, including the liver, kidney, lung, adrenal, gonads, brain, and most others. For cytochromes P450 that are expressed in many tissues or cell types, the tissue/cell type-specific expression might be associated with their ...
Hydrogel-Encapsulated Fluorophore-Enzyme Conjugates for Direct
... hydrolytic reaction in the P-O, P-S, P-F, or P-CN bonds in neurotoxins, resulting in the stoichiometric generation of two protons. Direct neurotoxin detection is thus possible via measurement of the pH change associated with enzyme activity.2 Recombinant OPH enzymes are stable, are highly active, an ...
... hydrolytic reaction in the P-O, P-S, P-F, or P-CN bonds in neurotoxins, resulting in the stoichiometric generation of two protons. Direct neurotoxin detection is thus possible via measurement of the pH change associated with enzyme activity.2 Recombinant OPH enzymes are stable, are highly active, an ...
ANTIBIOTICS
... Polyketides are a large group of secondary metabolites synthesized by decarboxylative condensation malonyl units often with subsequent cyclization of the polyketo chain . The starter group may be an acetate but also pyruvate, butyrate, ethyl malonate, paraaminobenzoic acid, etc. The formation of the ...
... Polyketides are a large group of secondary metabolites synthesized by decarboxylative condensation malonyl units often with subsequent cyclization of the polyketo chain . The starter group may be an acetate but also pyruvate, butyrate, ethyl malonate, paraaminobenzoic acid, etc. The formation of the ...
The Truth About Mineral Supplementation
... When metallic minerals are presented to the body as supplementary nutrients in most cases they should be linked to an organic acid to form a "salt". In this form most of them are best absorbed and used. There has been much debate and many claims made as to which of these salts should be used. The te ...
... When metallic minerals are presented to the body as supplementary nutrients in most cases they should be linked to an organic acid to form a "salt". In this form most of them are best absorbed and used. There has been much debate and many claims made as to which of these salts should be used. The te ...
Protonation States and pKa
... Protein is positively charged (pI = 11) between pH 1 to pH 7 (titration range). This results in an overall decrease in the stability of the positively charged histidine residues and increase in the stability of the negatively charged Asp and Glu residues. Therefore, a decrease in the pKa values is ...
... Protein is positively charged (pI = 11) between pH 1 to pH 7 (titration range). This results in an overall decrease in the stability of the positively charged histidine residues and increase in the stability of the negatively charged Asp and Glu residues. Therefore, a decrease in the pKa values is ...
Reducing Cyanide*Dependent ROS Production in Transgenic
... of reduced nitrogen in cassava The oxidative burst in wounded cassava roots is induced by cyanide release Reducing cyanide-induced ROS production via expression of Alternate oxidase Reducing cyanide-induced ROS may be a strategy to control postharvest physiological deterioration in cassava ...
... of reduced nitrogen in cassava The oxidative burst in wounded cassava roots is induced by cyanide release Reducing cyanide-induced ROS production via expression of Alternate oxidase Reducing cyanide-induced ROS may be a strategy to control postharvest physiological deterioration in cassava ...
Serine racemase: a KEY PLAYER in NEURON activity and in
... All these SRs crystallized as dimers, whereas in solution SR forms dimers with traces of tetramers (12). Dimers are stabilized by the formation of hydrophobic contacts, without the involvement of any disulfide bridge (20-22). Covalently cross-linked dimers were observed in the presence of reactive o ...
... All these SRs crystallized as dimers, whereas in solution SR forms dimers with traces of tetramers (12). Dimers are stabilized by the formation of hydrophobic contacts, without the involvement of any disulfide bridge (20-22). Covalently cross-linked dimers were observed in the presence of reactive o ...
Plant and Soil
... activity after ammonium chloride is added. In anaerobic conditions, nitrogenase reductase is also 'switched off' by a covalent modification in A. brasilense and A. lipoferum. Short-time exposure of Azospirillum to increased oxygen levels causes a partially reversible inhibition of nitrogenase activi ...
... activity after ammonium chloride is added. In anaerobic conditions, nitrogenase reductase is also 'switched off' by a covalent modification in A. brasilense and A. lipoferum. Short-time exposure of Azospirillum to increased oxygen levels causes a partially reversible inhibition of nitrogenase activi ...
Sex-specific alterations in glucose homeostasis and metabolic
... male Casp2−/− mice (Figure 2e). Serum FFAs and β-hydroxybutyrate (β-HB), a ketone body produced in liver from β-oxidation of fatty acids, were increased by fasting in all groups. However, the increase in fasted serum FFA was significantly higher in male Casp2−/− compared to WT mice (Figures 2c and d) ...
... male Casp2−/− mice (Figure 2e). Serum FFAs and β-hydroxybutyrate (β-HB), a ketone body produced in liver from β-oxidation of fatty acids, were increased by fasting in all groups. However, the increase in fasted serum FFA was significantly higher in male Casp2−/− compared to WT mice (Figures 2c and d) ...
The Phosphoproteome of a Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Eyespot
... least two peptides in the mass spectrometry (MS) analysis (Schmidt et al., 2006). Besides the already abovementioned proteins, this analysis revealed the presence of proteins from diverse functional groups in the eyespot. These include, for example, calcium-sensing and binding proteins, channels, me ...
... least two peptides in the mass spectrometry (MS) analysis (Schmidt et al., 2006). Besides the already abovementioned proteins, this analysis revealed the presence of proteins from diverse functional groups in the eyespot. These include, for example, calcium-sensing and binding proteins, channels, me ...
Metabolism
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/ATP-3D-vdW.png?width=300)
Metabolism (from Greek: μεταβολή metabolē, ""change"") is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of living organisms. These enzyme-catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. The word metabolism can also refer to all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms, including digestion and the transport of substances into and between different cells, in which case the set of reactions within the cells is called intermediary metabolism or intermediate metabolism.Metabolism is usually divided into two categories: catabolism, the breaking down of organic matter by way of cellular respiration, and anabolism, the building up of components of cells such as proteins and nucleic acids. Usually, breaking down releases energy and building up consumes energy.The chemical reactions of metabolism are organized into metabolic pathways, in which one chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical, by a sequence of enzymes. Enzymes are crucial to metabolism because they allow organisms to drive desirable reactions that require energy that will not occur by themselves, by coupling them to spontaneous reactions that release energy. Enzymes act as catalysts that allow the reactions to proceed more rapidly. Enzymes also allow the regulation of metabolic pathways in response to changes in the cell's environment or to signals from other cells.The metabolic system of a particular organism determines which substances it will find nutritious and which poisonous. For example, some prokaryotes use hydrogen sulfide as a nutrient, yet this gas is poisonous to animals. The speed of metabolism, the metabolic rate, influences how much food an organism will require, and also affects how it is able to obtain that food.A striking feature of metabolism is the similarity of the basic metabolic pathways and components between even vastly different species. For example, the set of carboxylic acids that are best known as the intermediates in the citric acid cycle are present in all known organisms, being found in species as diverse as the unicellular bacterium Escherichia coli and huge multicellular organisms like elephants. These striking similarities in metabolic pathways are likely due to their early appearance in evolutionary history, and their retention because of their efficacy.