The Effects of Exogenous Amino Acids on Growth
... In Anabaena cylindrica glutamine synthetase has been shown to be the main route of NH,+ assimilation (Rowel1 et al., 1977). When nitrogen-fixing cultures were supplemented with NH,+ there was a rapid decline in nitrogenase activity accompanied by an increase in the growth rate (Fig. 1 a). This rapid ...
... In Anabaena cylindrica glutamine synthetase has been shown to be the main route of NH,+ assimilation (Rowel1 et al., 1977). When nitrogen-fixing cultures were supplemented with NH,+ there was a rapid decline in nitrogenase activity accompanied by an increase in the growth rate (Fig. 1 a). This rapid ...
Protein Folding
... Structural proteins • collagen -- in connective tissue such as cartilage • elastin -- in connective tissue such as cartilage • keratin--in hair and nails • actin -- in muscle • myosin -- in muscle to generate mechanical forces ...
... Structural proteins • collagen -- in connective tissue such as cartilage • elastin -- in connective tissue such as cartilage • keratin--in hair and nails • actin -- in muscle • myosin -- in muscle to generate mechanical forces ...
a guide-book to biochemistry
... of compounds in their natural environment, and how they are geared into the machinery of life; his job begins where th~ organic chemist leaves off. There are, of course, biochemists with organic chemical leanings, spending their time largely on problems of chemical structure, but they tend to be in ...
... of compounds in their natural environment, and how they are geared into the machinery of life; his job begins where th~ organic chemist leaves off. There are, of course, biochemists with organic chemical leanings, spending their time largely on problems of chemical structure, but they tend to be in ...
What is your DNA Alias
... Cytosine, and Guanine, respectively. The letters are read in groups of three by various enzymes and organelles in your cells. A group of three is called a codon. DNA contains the information that is needed by your body to make proteins. The different proteins have specific functions, such as making ...
... Cytosine, and Guanine, respectively. The letters are read in groups of three by various enzymes and organelles in your cells. A group of three is called a codon. DNA contains the information that is needed by your body to make proteins. The different proteins have specific functions, such as making ...
Enzymes - Michael P. Ready
... • Km is th Substrate concentration at which the reaction is occurring at one-half its maximal rate. It is thus a measure of how much substrate is required for reasonable enzyme activity. Km is often looked on as a dissociation constant for the Enzyme -Substrate complex. Since Km = (k2 + k3)/k1, • th ...
... • Km is th Substrate concentration at which the reaction is occurring at one-half its maximal rate. It is thus a measure of how much substrate is required for reasonable enzyme activity. Km is often looked on as a dissociation constant for the Enzyme -Substrate complex. Since Km = (k2 + k3)/k1, • th ...
structure-tertiary-text
... structure then form domains, which fold independently of the rest of the protein; ...
... structure then form domains, which fold independently of the rest of the protein; ...
necessary amino acids and vitamins
... National Bacteriology Laboratory, 105 21 Stockholm, Sweden. ...
... National Bacteriology Laboratory, 105 21 Stockholm, Sweden. ...
6 Characterization of Casein and Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA)
... physical characteristics of a protein can be used to isolate it from other cellular components using basic chemical techniques. Once a protein has been isolated, one can initiate characterization studies, information such as pH- and heat-stability, that could prove helpful in ascertaining the protei ...
... physical characteristics of a protein can be used to isolate it from other cellular components using basic chemical techniques. Once a protein has been isolated, one can initiate characterization studies, information such as pH- and heat-stability, that could prove helpful in ascertaining the protei ...
- BioMed Central
... complete image of the cellular metabolism. To derive a systems view for the regulation of the metabolism when cells adapt to environmental changes, whole genome gene expression profiles can be analysed. Moreover, utilising a network topology based on gene relationships may facilitate interpreting th ...
... complete image of the cellular metabolism. To derive a systems view for the regulation of the metabolism when cells adapt to environmental changes, whole genome gene expression profiles can be analysed. Moreover, utilising a network topology based on gene relationships may facilitate interpreting th ...
RBTopic3_7 Cellular Respiration - wfs
... 1. Cell respiration is the controlled release of energy from organic compounds in cells to form ATP. ATP, adenosine triphosphate, is the actual compound that provides energy for all cellular processes. 2. In cell respiration, glucose in the cytoplasm is broken down by glycolysis into pyruvate, with ...
... 1. Cell respiration is the controlled release of energy from organic compounds in cells to form ATP. ATP, adenosine triphosphate, is the actual compound that provides energy for all cellular processes. 2. In cell respiration, glucose in the cytoplasm is broken down by glycolysis into pyruvate, with ...
Types of Chemical Reactions (rxns.)
... Single replacement reactions occur when one chemical takes the place of another in a reaction. In the typical single replacement reaction, an element trades places with one of the ions in a compound. ...
... Single replacement reactions occur when one chemical takes the place of another in a reaction. In the typical single replacement reaction, an element trades places with one of the ions in a compound. ...
Bio9A Quiz 1 Study Guide
... iii. Localization – enzymes are held in separate compartments D. Metabolism – the sum of all reactions in a cell a. Catabolism – breakdown molecules b. Anabolism – build c. Reactions tend to be organized in pathways (Fig 6.14) Chapter 7 – Cellular Respiration A. Overview of Aerobic Respiration a. C6 ...
... iii. Localization – enzymes are held in separate compartments D. Metabolism – the sum of all reactions in a cell a. Catabolism – breakdown molecules b. Anabolism – build c. Reactions tend to be organized in pathways (Fig 6.14) Chapter 7 – Cellular Respiration A. Overview of Aerobic Respiration a. C6 ...
ah-bio-unit-1-revision-questions
... a reaction close together at the ____________ so that __________ breakage or linkage can occur at the atomic level. 3. Describe, with the help of a diagram, the catalytic cycle involving the enzyme sucrase and the substrate sucrose. 4. The lock and key model of enzyme action is a little misleading. ...
... a reaction close together at the ____________ so that __________ breakage or linkage can occur at the atomic level. 3. Describe, with the help of a diagram, the catalytic cycle involving the enzyme sucrase and the substrate sucrose. 4. The lock and key model of enzyme action is a little misleading. ...
CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2
... Of course to completely degrade palmitoyl CoA would require 7 rounds of beta oxidation: ...
... Of course to completely degrade palmitoyl CoA would require 7 rounds of beta oxidation: ...
Chromatography (Principles and Classifications)
... Differential retardation of materials caused by interactions with the stationary phase: ...
... Differential retardation of materials caused by interactions with the stationary phase: ...
Quick Look - Strategies for Attaching Oligonucleotides to Solid
... micro-spheres can be individually assayed, usually with a flow cytometer, or isolated based on the physical characteristics of the bead. Attachment: Nucleic acids can be covalently attached to micro-spheres with any of several methods. Carboxyl and amino groups are the most common reactive groups fo ...
... micro-spheres can be individually assayed, usually with a flow cytometer, or isolated based on the physical characteristics of the bead. Attachment: Nucleic acids can be covalently attached to micro-spheres with any of several methods. Carboxyl and amino groups are the most common reactive groups fo ...
Strategies to maintain redox homeostasis during photosynthesis
... able either to avoid the generation of reductants giving rise to the production of ROS, or to serve as alternative electron acceptors in order to avoid over-reduction and, potentially, the formation of toxic intermediates (Mullineaux and Karpinski, 2002; Niyogi, 1999). Imbalance between the light en ...
... able either to avoid the generation of reductants giving rise to the production of ROS, or to serve as alternative electron acceptors in order to avoid over-reduction and, potentially, the formation of toxic intermediates (Mullineaux and Karpinski, 2002; Niyogi, 1999). Imbalance between the light en ...
Ch 3 Chemical Reactions 2013-Sept-08
... Metal Sulfides are black and metal sulfides come from the center of the earth. Sulfides are insoluble in water so they form a black mass in the deep ocean floor cracks. Chemical Reactions are the heart of Chemistry. This chapter is an introduction to symbols and chemical reactions. 3.1 Intro to Chem ...
... Metal Sulfides are black and metal sulfides come from the center of the earth. Sulfides are insoluble in water so they form a black mass in the deep ocean floor cracks. Chemical Reactions are the heart of Chemistry. This chapter is an introduction to symbols and chemical reactions. 3.1 Intro to Chem ...
energy for
... Open systems can increase in local complexity as long as “energy in” exceeds the energy needed to increase the complexity of the system; such that there is still an increase in “energy out” - the entropy of the universe … so that the total energy of the universe remains constant and entropy increase ...
... Open systems can increase in local complexity as long as “energy in” exceeds the energy needed to increase the complexity of the system; such that there is still an increase in “energy out” - the entropy of the universe … so that the total energy of the universe remains constant and entropy increase ...
Every dogma has its day
... been done on the biochemistry of carbon metabolism in autotrophs. The discovery of 14 C by Martin Kamen (Ruben and Kamen, 1941) was an event that transformed the situation. In the wake of this discovery, after the war, a team led by Calvin solved the complex pathway of CO2 fixation in algae and plan ...
... been done on the biochemistry of carbon metabolism in autotrophs. The discovery of 14 C by Martin Kamen (Ruben and Kamen, 1941) was an event that transformed the situation. In the wake of this discovery, after the war, a team led by Calvin solved the complex pathway of CO2 fixation in algae and plan ...
Protein
... • Proteins are instrumental in about everything that an organism does. • These functions include structural support, storage, transport of other substances, intercellular signaling, movement, and defense against foreign substances. ...
... • Proteins are instrumental in about everything that an organism does. • These functions include structural support, storage, transport of other substances, intercellular signaling, movement, and defense against foreign substances. ...
What is Xtend
... pyruvate or other TCA cycle intermediates that can be used for the production of glucose through gluconeogenesis. A ketogenic amino acid is metabolized via the fatty acid pathway and gives rise to actyl-CoA, a fatty acid precursor. Leucine is completely ketogenic, valine is completely glucogenic, an ...
... pyruvate or other TCA cycle intermediates that can be used for the production of glucose through gluconeogenesis. A ketogenic amino acid is metabolized via the fatty acid pathway and gives rise to actyl-CoA, a fatty acid precursor. Leucine is completely ketogenic, valine is completely glucogenic, an ...
Proteins
... • Proteins are instrumental in about everything that an organism does. • These functions include structural support, storage, transport of other substances, intercellular signaling, movement, and defense against foreign substances. • Proteins are the overwhelming enzymes in a cell and regulate metab ...
... • Proteins are instrumental in about everything that an organism does. • These functions include structural support, storage, transport of other substances, intercellular signaling, movement, and defense against foreign substances. • Proteins are the overwhelming enzymes in a cell and regulate metab ...
Classifying Chemical Reactions by What Atoms Do
... For reactions that are not metal + nonmetal, or do not involve O2, we need a method for determining how the electrons are transferred. Chemists assign a number to each element in a reaction called an oxidation state that allows them to determine the electron flow in the reaction. Even though they lo ...
... For reactions that are not metal + nonmetal, or do not involve O2, we need a method for determining how the electrons are transferred. Chemists assign a number to each element in a reaction called an oxidation state that allows them to determine the electron flow in the reaction. Even though they lo ...
Metabolism
Metabolism (from Greek: μεταβολή metabolē, ""change"") is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of living organisms. These enzyme-catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. The word metabolism can also refer to all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms, including digestion and the transport of substances into and between different cells, in which case the set of reactions within the cells is called intermediary metabolism or intermediate metabolism.Metabolism is usually divided into two categories: catabolism, the breaking down of organic matter by way of cellular respiration, and anabolism, the building up of components of cells such as proteins and nucleic acids. Usually, breaking down releases energy and building up consumes energy.The chemical reactions of metabolism are organized into metabolic pathways, in which one chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical, by a sequence of enzymes. Enzymes are crucial to metabolism because they allow organisms to drive desirable reactions that require energy that will not occur by themselves, by coupling them to spontaneous reactions that release energy. Enzymes act as catalysts that allow the reactions to proceed more rapidly. Enzymes also allow the regulation of metabolic pathways in response to changes in the cell's environment or to signals from other cells.The metabolic system of a particular organism determines which substances it will find nutritious and which poisonous. For example, some prokaryotes use hydrogen sulfide as a nutrient, yet this gas is poisonous to animals. The speed of metabolism, the metabolic rate, influences how much food an organism will require, and also affects how it is able to obtain that food.A striking feature of metabolism is the similarity of the basic metabolic pathways and components between even vastly different species. For example, the set of carboxylic acids that are best known as the intermediates in the citric acid cycle are present in all known organisms, being found in species as diverse as the unicellular bacterium Escherichia coli and huge multicellular organisms like elephants. These striking similarities in metabolic pathways are likely due to their early appearance in evolutionary history, and their retention because of their efficacy.