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... tively. We find that the accuracy of FirstEF is significantly higher for CpG-related than non-CpG-related genes. To study the performance of FirstEF on the genome scale, we ran it on human chromosomes 21 and 22 and compared the predictions with the experimentally chromosomes 21 and 22. We downloaded ...
... tively. We find that the accuracy of FirstEF is significantly higher for CpG-related than non-CpG-related genes. To study the performance of FirstEF on the genome scale, we ran it on human chromosomes 21 and 22 and compared the predictions with the experimentally chromosomes 21 and 22. We downloaded ...
the mutation matrix and the evolution of evolvability
... resorted to computer simulation because analytical work and empirical studies have failed to define the conditions under which G is likely to be stable or unstable. One of our main findings was that ...
... resorted to computer simulation because analytical work and empirical studies have failed to define the conditions under which G is likely to be stable or unstable. One of our main findings was that ...
Alu
... A family of SINEs, short interspersed nuclear elements Replicating via LINE-mediated reverse transcription of an RNA polymerase Ⅲ transcript Roughly 280 bp The history of substitution patterns in the human genome Markers to determine genetic distances between human subpopulations – polymorphic Alu i ...
... A family of SINEs, short interspersed nuclear elements Replicating via LINE-mediated reverse transcription of an RNA polymerase Ⅲ transcript Roughly 280 bp The history of substitution patterns in the human genome Markers to determine genetic distances between human subpopulations – polymorphic Alu i ...
The population genetics of mutations: good, bad and indifferent
... mutations that can either increase or decrease the value of a trait with an impact on fitness (e.g. Keightley & Halligan 2009), (iv) resistance mutations that are part of biological arms races between hosts and parasites (Hamilton et al. 1990), and (v) mutations that enable a species to start expand ...
... mutations that can either increase or decrease the value of a trait with an impact on fitness (e.g. Keightley & Halligan 2009), (iv) resistance mutations that are part of biological arms races between hosts and parasites (Hamilton et al. 1990), and (v) mutations that enable a species to start expand ...
Cloning of the Papaya Chromoplast-Specific
... Our group constructed a high-density genetic map of papaya using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers, and the flesh color locus was mapped near the end of linkage group 7 (LG7) and the two flanking markers were 3.4 and 3.7 centimorgan (cM), respectively (Ma et al., 2004). These clo ...
... Our group constructed a high-density genetic map of papaya using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers, and the flesh color locus was mapped near the end of linkage group 7 (LG7) and the two flanking markers were 3.4 and 3.7 centimorgan (cM), respectively (Ma et al., 2004). These clo ...
Chapter 6 GENETIC LINKAGE AND MAPPING IN EUKARYOTES
... over. This event occurs during prophase of meiosis I. As discussed in Chapter 3, the replicated chromosomes, known as sister chromatids, associate with the homologous sister chromatids to form a structure known as a bivalent. A bivalent is composed of two pairs of sister chromatids. In prophase of m ...
... over. This event occurs during prophase of meiosis I. As discussed in Chapter 3, the replicated chromosomes, known as sister chromatids, associate with the homologous sister chromatids to form a structure known as a bivalent. A bivalent is composed of two pairs of sister chromatids. In prophase of m ...
Modeling Trabecular Microstructure Evolution via Genetic Algorithm by Samuel W. L. Shames
... medium, and low mutation rate. Shown are the first, 10th, 20th, 30th, 40th, and 50th structures that were generated by the algorithm. In the medium and high mutation rate cases, the optimal structure was found by the end of the 50 generations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...
... medium, and low mutation rate. Shown are the first, 10th, 20th, 30th, 40th, and 50th structures that were generated by the algorithm. In the medium and high mutation rate cases, the optimal structure was found by the end of the 50 generations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...
PERSPECTIVES IN HUMAN GENETICS Mendelian Inheritance in
... each AV consists of the title of the trait (phenotype) determined by the mutation, the gene symbol and the shorthand description of the mutation,10–12 text providing a varying amount of information on the family(ies) or population(s) studied, the details of the specific DNA change, and peculiarities ...
... each AV consists of the title of the trait (phenotype) determined by the mutation, the gene symbol and the shorthand description of the mutation,10–12 text providing a varying amount of information on the family(ies) or population(s) studied, the details of the specific DNA change, and peculiarities ...
WASP - Genome Institute, BIOTEC
... primers leads to cumbersome process to inexperience users since information about SNP/mutation must be acquired from public databases prior to the design. Furthermore, most of these tools do not offer the mismatch enhancement to designed primers. The available web applications do not provide user-fr ...
... primers leads to cumbersome process to inexperience users since information about SNP/mutation must be acquired from public databases prior to the design. Furthermore, most of these tools do not offer the mismatch enhancement to designed primers. The available web applications do not provide user-fr ...
INTERACTION OF SELECTION, MUTATION, AND DRIFT
... In the previous chapters, we treated the response to selection as an effectively deterministic process, making the assumption that the stochastic force of random genetic drift is negligible relative to the power of selection, and also ignoring the origin of new variation by mutation. Such an approac ...
... In the previous chapters, we treated the response to selection as an effectively deterministic process, making the assumption that the stochastic force of random genetic drift is negligible relative to the power of selection, and also ignoring the origin of new variation by mutation. Such an approac ...
Genetic variation at RYR1, IGF2, FUT1, MUC13, and KPL2
... can be explained by selection. It is noteworthy that a number of heterozygotes and several undesirable TT homozygotes were found in Duroc, Large White, and Landrace breeds. This clearly indicates that Chinese breeders should keep a continuous selection on the RYR locus to eventually establish malign ...
... can be explained by selection. It is noteworthy that a number of heterozygotes and several undesirable TT homozygotes were found in Duroc, Large White, and Landrace breeds. This clearly indicates that Chinese breeders should keep a continuous selection on the RYR locus to eventually establish malign ...
What do we need to know about speciation?
... Why do we not see rampant positive selection in speciation gene families? Chemosensory genes may be an example, with less positive selection than sperm-egg recognition proteins. Are expression or copy-number changes more important than sequence-level evolution? Do speciation genes exist? [What is k ...
... Why do we not see rampant positive selection in speciation gene families? Chemosensory genes may be an example, with less positive selection than sperm-egg recognition proteins. Are expression or copy-number changes more important than sequence-level evolution? Do speciation genes exist? [What is k ...
Mapping the genes that made maize
... agree with those of Rogersa; however, both authors detected a factor(s) on chromosome 4 with a 'strong' effect on glume induration. This result was consistent for different types of teosinte and maize. The results of these linkage analyses often conflict (Table 1). In my view, there are several reas ...
... agree with those of Rogersa; however, both authors detected a factor(s) on chromosome 4 with a 'strong' effect on glume induration. This result was consistent for different types of teosinte and maize. The results of these linkage analyses often conflict (Table 1). In my view, there are several reas ...
Modularity, individuality, and evo
... that high additive genetic variance exists for several features of eyespot morphology in this species (e.g., size and colorcomposition; refs. 19 and 22). Artificial selection on a single eyespot has consistently produced rapid changes not only for the target eyespot but also for other eyespots, espe ...
... that high additive genetic variance exists for several features of eyespot morphology in this species (e.g., size and colorcomposition; refs. 19 and 22). Artificial selection on a single eyespot has consistently produced rapid changes not only for the target eyespot but also for other eyespots, espe ...
DNA structure, function and metabolism. File
... Recombinant DNA Technology? Manipulation of genes is called genetic engineering or recombinant DNA technology Genetic engineering involves taking one or more genes from a location in one organism and either Transferring them to another organism Putting them back into the original organism i ...
... Recombinant DNA Technology? Manipulation of genes is called genetic engineering or recombinant DNA technology Genetic engineering involves taking one or more genes from a location in one organism and either Transferring them to another organism Putting them back into the original organism i ...
Bridging differences in concepts of selection between farmers
... Plant and animal breeding had an important individuals based on phenotypic variation within influence on the development of Darwin's ideas a population, (2) genetic response, or change in of evolution. For example, in his copy of a pam- the genetic structure of a population due to a phlet titled The ...
... Plant and animal breeding had an important individuals based on phenotypic variation within influence on the development of Darwin's ideas a population, (2) genetic response, or change in of evolution. For example, in his copy of a pam- the genetic structure of a population due to a phlet titled The ...
Genetic epidemiology of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis
... studies or population based case–control studies. The heritability for psoriasis has been estimated to be between 60% and 90% for psoriasis (reviewed in reference 3). Epidemiological studies demonstrating the magnitude of genetic burden of PsA are sparse. The most robust study estimating the strong ...
... studies or population based case–control studies. The heritability for psoriasis has been estimated to be between 60% and 90% for psoriasis (reviewed in reference 3). Epidemiological studies demonstrating the magnitude of genetic burden of PsA are sparse. The most robust study estimating the strong ...
Putting Process and Product Conceptions of Natural Selection and
... between the entities in question are irrelevant to whether or not they are sampled” (1984, p. 189). Millstein describes it as “an indiscriminate sampling process whereby physical differences between organisms are causally irrelevant to differences in reproductive success” (2006, p. 640). Slightly di ...
... between the entities in question are irrelevant to whether or not they are sampled” (1984, p. 189). Millstein describes it as “an indiscriminate sampling process whereby physical differences between organisms are causally irrelevant to differences in reproductive success” (2006, p. 640). Slightly di ...
Population genetics by Knud Christensen
... The present genetics notes are produced as a substitute for 'Veterinary Genetics' by FW.Nicolas, Oxford University Press, 1989. This book was not available after 1995. The notes are produced for a course for veterinary students. Therefore, efforts have been made to adjust the notes for students with ...
... The present genetics notes are produced as a substitute for 'Veterinary Genetics' by FW.Nicolas, Oxford University Press, 1989. This book was not available after 1995. The notes are produced for a course for veterinary students. Therefore, efforts have been made to adjust the notes for students with ...
The Breast Cancer Polygene and Longevity Genes: The Implications
... The Punnet square for parental genotypes AaBbCc × AaBbCc. The 23 possible gamete formations for the parents are shown along the top and down the left. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The matrix for parental polygenotypes AaBbCc×AaBbCc showing the genotypes’ influence on can ...
... The Punnet square for parental genotypes AaBbCc × AaBbCc. The 23 possible gamete formations for the parents are shown along the top and down the left. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The matrix for parental polygenotypes AaBbCc×AaBbCc showing the genotypes’ influence on can ...
Extrapolation to the whole human genome
... pseudogenes (Figure 3). There is little similarity between all three lists (genes, processed pseudogenes and non-processed pseudogenes for chromosomes 21 and 22 combined); the ‘transcription factor’ functional classes occurs in the top five of all three (processed pseudogenes, non-processed pseudoge ...
... pseudogenes (Figure 3). There is little similarity between all three lists (genes, processed pseudogenes and non-processed pseudogenes for chromosomes 21 and 22 combined); the ‘transcription factor’ functional classes occurs in the top five of all three (processed pseudogenes, non-processed pseudoge ...
"Tooth Agenesis". - Thimios Mitsiadis
... sequences found in humans with tooth agenesis, it can be predicted that the consequences of the genetic defects are either severely truncated proteins or proteins with a deficient capacity to bind to DNA. Thus, in a heterozygous condition where one allele is mutated whereas the other allele is normal ...
... sequences found in humans with tooth agenesis, it can be predicted that the consequences of the genetic defects are either severely truncated proteins or proteins with a deficient capacity to bind to DNA. Thus, in a heterozygous condition where one allele is mutated whereas the other allele is normal ...
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms(AAA)
... - Inhibitors of MMPs (doxycycline and BB-94) or other proteases such as cathepsins and plasminogen-activator inhibitor (PAI-1) offers a tremendous therapeutic strategy to prevent AAA enlargement . - Inflammation plays an integral role in the development of AAA and expression of the inflammatory mole ...
... - Inhibitors of MMPs (doxycycline and BB-94) or other proteases such as cathepsins and plasminogen-activator inhibitor (PAI-1) offers a tremendous therapeutic strategy to prevent AAA enlargement . - Inflammation plays an integral role in the development of AAA and expression of the inflammatory mole ...
The qSD12 Locus Controls Offspring Tissue-Imposed
... 1994). Wild or weedy species developed these dormancy mechanisms during evolution to enhance their survival under adverse natural or in human-disturbed environments by selection for an optimum time to germinate. In contrast, many crop species have lost part or all dormancy mechanisms due to the sele ...
... 1994). Wild or weedy species developed these dormancy mechanisms during evolution to enhance their survival under adverse natural or in human-disturbed environments by selection for an optimum time to germinate. In contrast, many crop species have lost part or all dormancy mechanisms due to the sele ...
Human genetic variation
Human genetic variation is the genetic differences both within and among populations. There may be multiple variants of any given gene in the human population (genes), leading to polymorphism. Many genes are not polymorphic, meaning that only a single allele is present in the population: the gene is then said to be fixed. On average, in terms of DNA sequence all humans are 99.9% similar to any other humans.No two humans are genetically identical. Even monozygotic twins, who develop from one zygote, have infrequent genetic differences due to mutations occurring during development and gene copy-number variation. Differences between individuals, even closely related individuals, are the key to techniques such as genetic fingerprinting. Alleles occur at different frequencies in different human populations, with populations that are more geographically and ancestrally remote tending to differ more.Causes of differences between individuals include the exchange of genes during meiosis and various mutational events. There are at least two reasons why genetic variation exists between populations. Natural selection may confer an adaptive advantage to individuals in a specific environment if an allele provides a competitive advantage. Alleles under selection are likely to occur only in those geographic regions where they confer an advantage. The second main cause of genetic variation is due to the high degree of neutrality of most mutations. Most mutations do not appear to have any selective effect one way or the other on the organism. The main cause is genetic drift, this is the effect of random changes in the gene pool. In humans, founder effect and past small population size (increasing the likelihood of genetic drift) may have had an important influence in neutral differences between populations. The theory that humans recently migrated out of Africa supports this.The study of human genetic variation has both evolutionary significance and medical applications. It can help scientists understand ancient human population migrations as well as how different human groups are biologically related to one another. For medicine, study of human genetic variation may be important because some disease-causing alleles occur more often in people from specific geographic regions. New findings show that each human has on average 60 new mutations compared to their parents.Apart from mutations, many genes that may have aided humans in ancient times plague humans today. For example, it is suspected that genes that allow humans to more efficiently process food are those that make people susceptible to obesity and diabetes today.