CARAT Documentation
... • -g geno.txt: This option allows the user to specify the name of the genotype input file, which includes the genotypes of the SNP(s) to be tested for association. The filename defaults to geno.txt if this option is not used. To specify another filename, replace geno.txt with the appropriate filena ...
... • -g geno.txt: This option allows the user to specify the name of the genotype input file, which includes the genotypes of the SNP(s) to be tested for association. The filename defaults to geno.txt if this option is not used. To specify another filename, replace geno.txt with the appropriate filena ...
Revisiting the Impact of Inversions in Evolution
... Recently, molecular techniques have been developed to score known inversion polymorphisms, either through primers that span the breakpoint region of the inversions or through single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and other polymorphisms in disequilibrium with the inversions (Matzkin et al. 2005, Wh ...
... Recently, molecular techniques have been developed to score known inversion polymorphisms, either through primers that span the breakpoint region of the inversions or through single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and other polymorphisms in disequilibrium with the inversions (Matzkin et al. 2005, Wh ...
Alu - Environmental
... • Alu elements are only found in the primate branch • Each Alu insertion is a unique event and is inherited from each parent • Most occurred millions of years ago and are often on both pairs of chromosomes • There are Alu elements that have occurred since humans branched from other primates • This g ...
... • Alu elements are only found in the primate branch • Each Alu insertion is a unique event and is inherited from each parent • Most occurred millions of years ago and are often on both pairs of chromosomes • There are Alu elements that have occurred since humans branched from other primates • This g ...
Review: Is genetic screening for hemochromatosis worthwhile?
... lead to the disease. Depending on the localisation of the genetic defect and the clinical phenotype, several types of hemochromatosis are distinguished. Type 1 hemochromatosis Type 1 hereditary hemochromatosis (HFE1 or simply HFE) is by far the most common form of hemochromatosis [12, 24–26]. The cu ...
... lead to the disease. Depending on the localisation of the genetic defect and the clinical phenotype, several types of hemochromatosis are distinguished. Type 1 hemochromatosis Type 1 hereditary hemochromatosis (HFE1 or simply HFE) is by far the most common form of hemochromatosis [12, 24–26]. The cu ...
Monday, November 17, 2014 Agenda: Cell Organelle Analogy
... • Males are an expensive luxury - in most species they contribute little to rearing offspring. ...
... • Males are an expensive luxury - in most species they contribute little to rearing offspring. ...
adapt1
... - Parthenogenesis arises spontaneously, but extinctions are rapid due to lack of variation and Muller's rachet. Muller's ratchet is the continuous accumulation of mutations in a lineage. In sexual reproduction, since only 1/2 of the genes are passed from each parent, there is a 50% chance that a del ...
... - Parthenogenesis arises spontaneously, but extinctions are rapid due to lack of variation and Muller's rachet. Muller's ratchet is the continuous accumulation of mutations in a lineage. In sexual reproduction, since only 1/2 of the genes are passed from each parent, there is a 50% chance that a del ...
50-State Survey of Laws Regulating the
... Federal Regulation of Tissue Research Research on human tissue has led to significant improvements in medical treatment and in understanding the etiology of disease.1 Breakthroughs in molecular science now permit the study of the causes and pathways of disease, reinforcing hopes of earlier and mor ...
... Federal Regulation of Tissue Research Research on human tissue has led to significant improvements in medical treatment and in understanding the etiology of disease.1 Breakthroughs in molecular science now permit the study of the causes and pathways of disease, reinforcing hopes of earlier and mor ...
Ecological speciation in phytophagous insects
... genetic drift and founder-events ⁄ population bottlenecks (reviewed in Coyne & Orr, 2004). Non-ecological speciation also includes models in which selection is involved, but is non-ecological or is not divergent between environments. Examples include certain models of speciation by sexual selection ...
... genetic drift and founder-events ⁄ population bottlenecks (reviewed in Coyne & Orr, 2004). Non-ecological speciation also includes models in which selection is involved, but is non-ecological or is not divergent between environments. Examples include certain models of speciation by sexual selection ...
Document
... Our kits for fragment analysis by the capillary electrophoresis technique are aimed at identifying and/or quantifying the number of repetitions that can be considered to be normal in the population and identifying when the number of repetitions exceeds this threshold value. ...
... Our kits for fragment analysis by the capillary electrophoresis technique are aimed at identifying and/or quantifying the number of repetitions that can be considered to be normal in the population and identifying when the number of repetitions exceeds this threshold value. ...
CYP2C19 phenotype in a South African cohort
... The study was approved by Research Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria (approval number 24/2007), and informed consent was obtained from all individuals prior to inclusion. This involved an explanation of the reasons for the study, the potential risks involved ...
... The study was approved by Research Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria (approval number 24/2007), and informed consent was obtained from all individuals prior to inclusion. This involved an explanation of the reasons for the study, the potential risks involved ...
SARS Outbreaks in Ontario, Hong Kong and Singapore: the role of
... (two biological advantages: maintaining chromosome number unchanged and crossing over between different genes) • Crossover: The interchange of sections between pairing homologous chromosomes during meiosis • Recombination, recombinant, recombination fraction (rate, frequency): The natural formation ...
... (two biological advantages: maintaining chromosome number unchanged and crossing over between different genes) • Crossover: The interchange of sections between pairing homologous chromosomes during meiosis • Recombination, recombinant, recombination fraction (rate, frequency): The natural formation ...
Using genetic markers to orient the edges in quantitative trait
... traits (e.g. mRNA levels) have been successfully described with undirected association networks [1–6]. While gene expression traits (profiles) and clinical traits represent different quantities, both can be described in undirected trait networks. By definition, undirected association networks cannot ...
... traits (e.g. mRNA levels) have been successfully described with undirected association networks [1–6]. While gene expression traits (profiles) and clinical traits represent different quantities, both can be described in undirected trait networks. By definition, undirected association networks cannot ...
Genome-Wide Copy Number Variation in Epilepsy: Novel
... cause is unknown in the vast majority of cases. Copy number variants (CNVs) are known to play an important role in the genetic etiology of many neurodevelopmental disorders, including intellectual disability (ID), autism, and schizophrenia. Genome-wide studies of copy number variation in epilepsy ha ...
... cause is unknown in the vast majority of cases. Copy number variants (CNVs) are known to play an important role in the genetic etiology of many neurodevelopmental disorders, including intellectual disability (ID), autism, and schizophrenia. Genome-wide studies of copy number variation in epilepsy ha ...
DNA Base Sequence Homology in Rhizoctonia solani Kuihn: Inter
... (6), indicating genetic homogeneity among isolates within these groups. Hybridization between isolates of different AG was 30% or less (6,15). Ranges of DNA hybridization values varied for different AG, and lower levels of hybridization have confirmed lack of homogeneity among isolates within AG-1, ...
... (6), indicating genetic homogeneity among isolates within these groups. Hybridization between isolates of different AG was 30% or less (6,15). Ranges of DNA hybridization values varied for different AG, and lower levels of hybridization have confirmed lack of homogeneity among isolates within AG-1, ...
Using Genetic Algorithms with Sexual or Asexual Transposition: a
... Transposition allowed the GA to reach better results than crossover, even with smaller populations. Later, this preliminary work was enlarged to a test bed containing eighteen test functions and an extensive comparative study showed that, if the right parameters were chosen, transposition always per ...
... Transposition allowed the GA to reach better results than crossover, even with smaller populations. Later, this preliminary work was enlarged to a test bed containing eighteen test functions and an extensive comparative study showed that, if the right parameters were chosen, transposition always per ...
Familial Malignant Melanoma Approved by the Cancer.Net Editorial
... these genes gives a person an increased risk of melanoma. However, alterations in these two genes only account for a small percentage of familial melanoma. CDKN2A is unusual because it affects two separate proteins that have different functions; one is called p16, and one is called p14ARF. Both CDKN ...
... these genes gives a person an increased risk of melanoma. However, alterations in these two genes only account for a small percentage of familial melanoma. CDKN2A is unusual because it affects two separate proteins that have different functions; one is called p16, and one is called p14ARF. Both CDKN ...
Polymorphic mimicry in Papilio dardanus: mosaic
... of the color pattern (Nijhout 1991). Each allele of this regulatory gene would control a different temporal or spatial pattern of expression in the genes it regulates. The regulated pattern genes could be monomorphic in a given geographic race, and differentiation of these genes between races could ac ...
... of the color pattern (Nijhout 1991). Each allele of this regulatory gene would control a different temporal or spatial pattern of expression in the genes it regulates. The regulated pattern genes could be monomorphic in a given geographic race, and differentiation of these genes between races could ac ...
Effect of chromosomal translocations on the development of
... Evsikov. Chromosome translocations and embryo development. Fertil Steril 2000. ...
... Evsikov. Chromosome translocations and embryo development. Fertil Steril 2000. ...
B 1 = B 2
... enzyme, F and S. (for fast and slow moving through an electrophoresis gel) Grew two experimental populations on food spiked with ethanol and two control populations on normal, non-spiked food. Breeders for each generation were picked at random. Took random samples of flies every few generations and ...
... enzyme, F and S. (for fast and slow moving through an electrophoresis gel) Grew two experimental populations on food spiked with ethanol and two control populations on normal, non-spiked food. Breeders for each generation were picked at random. Took random samples of flies every few generations and ...
Alu repeat analysis in the complete human genome: trends and
... units separated by a poly ‘A’ stretch. The monomers, homologous to 7SL RNA, are absolutely identical except for a 30 bp insertion in the right monomer (Jelinek et al., 1980; Ullu and Tschudi, 1984). The 3 end of the Alu element has a long stretch of adenine residues, and is flanked by 4–10 bp of di ...
... units separated by a poly ‘A’ stretch. The monomers, homologous to 7SL RNA, are absolutely identical except for a 30 bp insertion in the right monomer (Jelinek et al., 1980; Ullu and Tschudi, 1984). The 3 end of the Alu element has a long stretch of adenine residues, and is flanked by 4–10 bp of di ...
Intervention of Genetic Flow of the Foreign Cattle toward Diversity of
... recessive, red (Olson 2004). Based on the observation there is the color change from normal which is gene mutation expression. The normal color is red and darker black (brown black) and the modification in the three basic colors is brown, black and red. Here genes that control hair color in the catt ...
... recessive, red (Olson 2004). Based on the observation there is the color change from normal which is gene mutation expression. The normal color is red and darker black (brown black) and the modification in the three basic colors is brown, black and red. Here genes that control hair color in the catt ...
Medical genetic studies in the Amish: Historical perspective
... In the more than 40 years since this research has started, there have been notable changes among the Amish as well. to reach an Amish farmer on his cell phone. In addition, the pressure of encroaching suburbs is slowly eroding the farmland of Lancaster County, causing families to disperse to settlem ...
... In the more than 40 years since this research has started, there have been notable changes among the Amish as well. to reach an Amish farmer on his cell phone. In addition, the pressure of encroaching suburbs is slowly eroding the farmland of Lancaster County, causing families to disperse to settlem ...
Genome-Wide Identification of Allelic Expression in Hypertensive
... Several published reports have indicated that systolic blood pressure is not a trait that segregates among the F2 progeny of intercrosses among SHR lines. This has been reported for crosses between SHR-A3 and SHR/N and between SHR-A3 and SHR-C.9 –11 In each case, blood pressure was measured by tail ...
... Several published reports have indicated that systolic blood pressure is not a trait that segregates among the F2 progeny of intercrosses among SHR lines. This has been reported for crosses between SHR-A3 and SHR/N and between SHR-A3 and SHR-C.9 –11 In each case, blood pressure was measured by tail ...
Human genetic variation
Human genetic variation is the genetic differences both within and among populations. There may be multiple variants of any given gene in the human population (genes), leading to polymorphism. Many genes are not polymorphic, meaning that only a single allele is present in the population: the gene is then said to be fixed. On average, in terms of DNA sequence all humans are 99.9% similar to any other humans.No two humans are genetically identical. Even monozygotic twins, who develop from one zygote, have infrequent genetic differences due to mutations occurring during development and gene copy-number variation. Differences between individuals, even closely related individuals, are the key to techniques such as genetic fingerprinting. Alleles occur at different frequencies in different human populations, with populations that are more geographically and ancestrally remote tending to differ more.Causes of differences between individuals include the exchange of genes during meiosis and various mutational events. There are at least two reasons why genetic variation exists between populations. Natural selection may confer an adaptive advantage to individuals in a specific environment if an allele provides a competitive advantage. Alleles under selection are likely to occur only in those geographic regions where they confer an advantage. The second main cause of genetic variation is due to the high degree of neutrality of most mutations. Most mutations do not appear to have any selective effect one way or the other on the organism. The main cause is genetic drift, this is the effect of random changes in the gene pool. In humans, founder effect and past small population size (increasing the likelihood of genetic drift) may have had an important influence in neutral differences between populations. The theory that humans recently migrated out of Africa supports this.The study of human genetic variation has both evolutionary significance and medical applications. It can help scientists understand ancient human population migrations as well as how different human groups are biologically related to one another. For medicine, study of human genetic variation may be important because some disease-causing alleles occur more often in people from specific geographic regions. New findings show that each human has on average 60 new mutations compared to their parents.Apart from mutations, many genes that may have aided humans in ancient times plague humans today. For example, it is suspected that genes that allow humans to more efficiently process food are those that make people susceptible to obesity and diabetes today.