Identification and Isolation of Dominant Susceptibility Loci for
... To produce linkage maps covering the complete genome, all 650 of the backcross progeny were genotyped using 236 markers, resulting in a dense map with an average distance of 6.8 ⫾ 5.0 cM and maximal intramarker distance of 19.8 cM. All autosomal chromosomes were analyzed, whereas the analysis of the ...
... To produce linkage maps covering the complete genome, all 650 of the backcross progeny were genotyped using 236 markers, resulting in a dense map with an average distance of 6.8 ⫾ 5.0 cM and maximal intramarker distance of 19.8 cM. All autosomal chromosomes were analyzed, whereas the analysis of the ...
Detecting Marker-Disease Association by Testing for Hardy
... ations with the disease, meaning that they have higher frequencies among affected than among unaffected individuals. If Pri is the population frequency of haplotypes carrying disease-susceptibility allele A r and marker allele M i, then the population linkage disequilibrium Dri between these alleles ...
... ations with the disease, meaning that they have higher frequencies among affected than among unaffected individuals. If Pri is the population frequency of haplotypes carrying disease-susceptibility allele A r and marker allele M i, then the population linkage disequilibrium Dri between these alleles ...
Rethinking heredity, again
... shown in green, and developments with equivocal consequences for heredity concepts represented by a striped pattern. For further details and discussion of the history of heredity theories, see [1–3,9–11,13,15–17,48,75,80–83]. ...
... shown in green, and developments with equivocal consequences for heredity concepts represented by a striped pattern. For further details and discussion of the history of heredity theories, see [1–3,9–11,13,15–17,48,75,80–83]. ...
Rethinking heredity, again
... shown in green, and developments with equivocal consequences for heredity concepts represented by a striped pattern. For further details and discussion of the history of heredity theories, see [1–3,9–11,13,15–17,48,75,80–83]. ...
... shown in green, and developments with equivocal consequences for heredity concepts represented by a striped pattern. For further details and discussion of the history of heredity theories, see [1–3,9–11,13,15–17,48,75,80–83]. ...
Periodic Selection and Ecological Diversity in Bacteria
... zero, gradually increased due to mutation for fifty or more generations, then abruptly dropped back to zero, and this pattern was repeated several times. As in the original periodic selection paper, the crashes in frequency of the marker were interpreted as the result of periodic selection. The mode ...
... zero, gradually increased due to mutation for fifty or more generations, then abruptly dropped back to zero, and this pattern was repeated several times. As in the original periodic selection paper, the crashes in frequency of the marker were interpreted as the result of periodic selection. The mode ...
Translation of Drug Metabolic Enzyme and Transporter (DMET) Genetic Variants into Star Allele Notation using SAS.
... DNA can be thought of as a sequence of nucleotides denoted by A, C, G and T. Locations along the DNA sequence that differ from person to person in the nucleotide(s) present at that location are called genetic variants. Currently, relatively inexpensive genotyping platforms can readily determine poin ...
... DNA can be thought of as a sequence of nucleotides denoted by A, C, G and T. Locations along the DNA sequence that differ from person to person in the nucleotide(s) present at that location are called genetic variants. Currently, relatively inexpensive genotyping platforms can readily determine poin ...
Inheritance, level and origin of resistance to Globodera pallida in the
... The distribution of genotypes within the Maritta x Multa progeny for log number of cysts numbers with P2-22 and Rookmaker (Experiment 3) is shown in Figure 2 A, B. Very few genotypes as resistant as Multa were found. Tested with these populations, only 9 and 7, respectively, of the 79 genotypes had ...
... The distribution of genotypes within the Maritta x Multa progeny for log number of cysts numbers with P2-22 and Rookmaker (Experiment 3) is shown in Figure 2 A, B. Very few genotypes as resistant as Multa were found. Tested with these populations, only 9 and 7, respectively, of the 79 genotypes had ...
The Perceived Personal Control (PPC) questionnaire: reliability and
... performed, and as this CFA solution was never compared to any other potential solutions, it is possible that another (better fitting) structure actually exists in people’s responding. Supporting this possibility, EFA of the Dutch translation failed to support the three-factor solution, and the autho ...
... performed, and as this CFA solution was never compared to any other potential solutions, it is possible that another (better fitting) structure actually exists in people’s responding. Supporting this possibility, EFA of the Dutch translation failed to support the three-factor solution, and the autho ...
Multiple Routes to Subfunctionalization and Gene Duplicate
... the species is posited, it would be very unlikely that this shift would happen at precisely the same time as the fixation of a duplication by drift. The set of mutationally accessible alleles determines the opportunity for neofunctionalization; it is not the fixation of a duplication that creates oppo ...
... the species is posited, it would be very unlikely that this shift would happen at precisely the same time as the fixation of a duplication by drift. The set of mutationally accessible alleles determines the opportunity for neofunctionalization; it is not the fixation of a duplication that creates oppo ...
Complex Heterozygosity Screening with Actin Alanine Scan Alleles
... genes has been shown to contribute to tumorigenesis (Santarosa and Ashworth 2004), and complex haploinsufficiency has been shown in mouse models to contribute to early aging (Baker et al. 2006) and tumorigenesis (Ma et al. 2005; Vives et al. 2006). Furthermore, recent genome-wide sequencing of 1092 ...
... genes has been shown to contribute to tumorigenesis (Santarosa and Ashworth 2004), and complex haploinsufficiency has been shown in mouse models to contribute to early aging (Baker et al. 2006) and tumorigenesis (Ma et al. 2005; Vives et al. 2006). Furthermore, recent genome-wide sequencing of 1092 ...
Genetic Homologies between Flagellar Antigens of
... Hybrids of Salmonella abony and Escherichia coli combining antigenic characteristics of both parents have been obtained. In this case the antigens, each determined by distinct structural genes, retain their original identity. Only flagellar antigens have so far been studied, and these strains would ...
... Hybrids of Salmonella abony and Escherichia coli combining antigenic characteristics of both parents have been obtained. In this case the antigens, each determined by distinct structural genes, retain their original identity. Only flagellar antigens have so far been studied, and these strains would ...
Evolutionary multi-objective optimization
... (typically, around 10% of the population). If one of them is obtained for the first objective. This process is repeated for all dominated (by the individuals randomly chosen from the the remaining objectives [33]. population) and the other is not, then the nondominated Despite all these early effort ...
... (typically, around 10% of the population). If one of them is obtained for the first objective. This process is repeated for all dominated (by the individuals randomly chosen from the the remaining objectives [33]. population) and the other is not, then the nondominated Despite all these early effort ...
Genetic Mapping of a Major Resistance Gene to Pea Aphid
... model legume Medicago truncatula, single dominant resistance genes to other aphid species including bluegreen aphid (BGA; Acyrthosiphon kondoi), spotted alfalfa aphid (Therioaphis trifolii) and pea aphid (PA; Acyrthosiphon pisum) map to regions dense in these NLR encoding genes [14–17]. For both Mi1 ...
... model legume Medicago truncatula, single dominant resistance genes to other aphid species including bluegreen aphid (BGA; Acyrthosiphon kondoi), spotted alfalfa aphid (Therioaphis trifolii) and pea aphid (PA; Acyrthosiphon pisum) map to regions dense in these NLR encoding genes [14–17]. For both Mi1 ...
Resolving Individuals Contributing Trace Amounts of DNA to Highly
... components of the mixture [8]. Nevertheless, these methods based on STRs expectedly suffer from limited power when using severely degraded DNA [8,9]. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) based on hypervariable region sequencing is useful when analyzing degraded DNA due to its high copy number and improved stab ...
... components of the mixture [8]. Nevertheless, these methods based on STRs expectedly suffer from limited power when using severely degraded DNA [8,9]. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) based on hypervariable region sequencing is useful when analyzing degraded DNA due to its high copy number and improved stab ...
Youngson and Whitelaw, 2008
... states, most gene regulatory, i.e., epigenetic, information is not transferred between generations. Several mechanisms have evolved to erase the marks, including germline and somatic reprogramming of DNA methylation and chromatin proteins. However, we know that at some loci the epigenetic marks are ...
... states, most gene regulatory, i.e., epigenetic, information is not transferred between generations. Several mechanisms have evolved to erase the marks, including germline and somatic reprogramming of DNA methylation and chromatin proteins. However, we know that at some loci the epigenetic marks are ...
1091-Lec13(corridorsP)
... Dixon, JD et al. 2006. Effectiveness of a regional corridor in connecting two Florida black bear populations CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 20: 155-162 Martensen et al. 2008. Relative effects of fragment size and connectivity on bird community ib the Atlantic Rainforest BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION 141: 2184-92 Le ...
... Dixon, JD et al. 2006. Effectiveness of a regional corridor in connecting two Florida black bear populations CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 20: 155-162 Martensen et al. 2008. Relative effects of fragment size and connectivity on bird community ib the Atlantic Rainforest BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION 141: 2184-92 Le ...
Pristionchus pacificus
... expected to be much older. However, as no fossil record exists for nematodes, no accurate numbers can be given. We are currently working on accurate estimates within the genus Pristionchus by using detailed molecular phylogenetics (W. Mayer and R. J. Sommer, ongoing studies). ...
... expected to be much older. However, as no fossil record exists for nematodes, no accurate numbers can be given. We are currently working on accurate estimates within the genus Pristionchus by using detailed molecular phylogenetics (W. Mayer and R. J. Sommer, ongoing studies). ...
Mar22_24
... Experimental evidence of Genetic Drift Kerr and Wright (1954) sampled a population of Drosophilia melanogaster heterozygotes. They constructed 96 groups of 4 males and 4 females. At each generation they randomly extracted 4 males and 4 females from that generation, etc. The following is their ...
... Experimental evidence of Genetic Drift Kerr and Wright (1954) sampled a population of Drosophilia melanogaster heterozygotes. They constructed 96 groups of 4 males and 4 females. At each generation they randomly extracted 4 males and 4 females from that generation, etc. The following is their ...
EPHX1 polymorphisms, COPD and asthma in 47,000 individuals and in meta-analysis
... finding was not replicated in the analyses of self-reported asthma or allergic asthma, and it is therefore likely a spurious result. None of the risk estimates for EPHX1 genotypes or other phenotypes differed from 1.0 in any of the three asthma categories (p-value for trend 0.46–0.98, 0.17–0.98, 0.7 ...
... finding was not replicated in the analyses of self-reported asthma or allergic asthma, and it is therefore likely a spurious result. None of the risk estimates for EPHX1 genotypes or other phenotypes differed from 1.0 in any of the three asthma categories (p-value for trend 0.46–0.98, 0.17–0.98, 0.7 ...
Age-related macular degeneration: a perspective on genetic studies
... possession of the protective variant of either CFH, BF, or C2 gene compared to 74% with AMD who lacked the protective variant. As shown in Table 4, the figures from this study indicate that possession of the specific C2 and BF polymorphisms may have a protective effect against AMD. An absence of the ...
... possession of the protective variant of either CFH, BF, or C2 gene compared to 74% with AMD who lacked the protective variant. As shown in Table 4, the figures from this study indicate that possession of the specific C2 and BF polymorphisms may have a protective effect against AMD. An absence of the ...
American College of Medical Genetics standards
... A copy number variant (CNV) is defined as a segment of DNA at least 1 kb in size that differs in copy number compared with a representative reference genome. The term “CNV” does not imply clinical significance; therefore, a qualifier such a pathogenic CNV or benign CNV is necessary for clear communi ...
... A copy number variant (CNV) is defined as a segment of DNA at least 1 kb in size that differs in copy number compared with a representative reference genome. The term “CNV” does not imply clinical significance; therefore, a qualifier such a pathogenic CNV or benign CNV is necessary for clear communi ...
American College of Medical Genetics standards and guidelines for
... A copy number variant (CNV) is defined as a segment of DNA at least 1 kb in size that differs in copy number compared with a representative reference genome. The term “CNV” does not imply clinical significance; therefore, a qualifier such a pathogenic CNV or benign CNV is necessary for clear communi ...
... A copy number variant (CNV) is defined as a segment of DNA at least 1 kb in size that differs in copy number compared with a representative reference genome. The term “CNV” does not imply clinical significance; therefore, a qualifier such a pathogenic CNV or benign CNV is necessary for clear communi ...
Pharmacogenomics: Analyzing SNPs in the CYP2D6 Gene Using
... polymorphisms (SNPs) within an individual’s CYP2D6 gene, functionality problems ranging from overly active metabolism to complete loss of function may result. Therefore, for the purpose of safety, it is necessary to identify these problems before prescribing drugs. Thus far there have been various m ...
... polymorphisms (SNPs) within an individual’s CYP2D6 gene, functionality problems ranging from overly active metabolism to complete loss of function may result. Therefore, for the purpose of safety, it is necessary to identify these problems before prescribing drugs. Thus far there have been various m ...
3. Inheritance and hereditary
... Patterns of inheritance can be observed and determine by setting up specific breeding crosses and examining the segregation of the phenotypes in the resulting progeny. This strategy can be used to understand inheritance in model organisms, livestock, agricultural organisms, or companion animals. The ...
... Patterns of inheritance can be observed and determine by setting up specific breeding crosses and examining the segregation of the phenotypes in the resulting progeny. This strategy can be used to understand inheritance in model organisms, livestock, agricultural organisms, or companion animals. The ...
A Fitness-Independent Evolvability Measure for Evolutionary
... An extended evolution strategy is employed to evolve the GRN dynamics. In this evolutionary algorithm, a population of µ individuals creates an offspring population of λ individuals by changing the parents with Gaussian mutations. In addition to the mutation operator, other biologically plausible ge ...
... An extended evolution strategy is employed to evolve the GRN dynamics. In this evolutionary algorithm, a population of µ individuals creates an offspring population of λ individuals by changing the parents with Gaussian mutations. In addition to the mutation operator, other biologically plausible ge ...
Human genetic variation
Human genetic variation is the genetic differences both within and among populations. There may be multiple variants of any given gene in the human population (genes), leading to polymorphism. Many genes are not polymorphic, meaning that only a single allele is present in the population: the gene is then said to be fixed. On average, in terms of DNA sequence all humans are 99.9% similar to any other humans.No two humans are genetically identical. Even monozygotic twins, who develop from one zygote, have infrequent genetic differences due to mutations occurring during development and gene copy-number variation. Differences between individuals, even closely related individuals, are the key to techniques such as genetic fingerprinting. Alleles occur at different frequencies in different human populations, with populations that are more geographically and ancestrally remote tending to differ more.Causes of differences between individuals include the exchange of genes during meiosis and various mutational events. There are at least two reasons why genetic variation exists between populations. Natural selection may confer an adaptive advantage to individuals in a specific environment if an allele provides a competitive advantage. Alleles under selection are likely to occur only in those geographic regions where they confer an advantage. The second main cause of genetic variation is due to the high degree of neutrality of most mutations. Most mutations do not appear to have any selective effect one way or the other on the organism. The main cause is genetic drift, this is the effect of random changes in the gene pool. In humans, founder effect and past small population size (increasing the likelihood of genetic drift) may have had an important influence in neutral differences between populations. The theory that humans recently migrated out of Africa supports this.The study of human genetic variation has both evolutionary significance and medical applications. It can help scientists understand ancient human population migrations as well as how different human groups are biologically related to one another. For medicine, study of human genetic variation may be important because some disease-causing alleles occur more often in people from specific geographic regions. New findings show that each human has on average 60 new mutations compared to their parents.Apart from mutations, many genes that may have aided humans in ancient times plague humans today. For example, it is suspected that genes that allow humans to more efficiently process food are those that make people susceptible to obesity and diabetes today.