Marker-Assisted Selection for Disease Resistance in Wheat and
... enhancing the response from selection because molecular markers can be applied at the seedling stage, with high precision and reductions in cost. About each of 50 genes conferring monogenic resistances and hundreds of quantitative trait loci (QTL) for quantitative disease resistances have been repor ...
... enhancing the response from selection because molecular markers can be applied at the seedling stage, with high precision and reductions in cost. About each of 50 genes conferring monogenic resistances and hundreds of quantitative trait loci (QTL) for quantitative disease resistances have been repor ...
Genetic Algorithms and Related Optimization Techniques: An
... scalar. This will be used by the GA to rank the worth of a solution. This fitness (or evaluation) function needs to be very efficient, as it may need to be called thousands even millions - of times. But you do not need... ...the final solution to be optimal. ...speed (this varies) RMI Workshop - Oct ...
... scalar. This will be used by the GA to rank the worth of a solution. This fitness (or evaluation) function needs to be very efficient, as it may need to be called thousands even millions - of times. But you do not need... ...the final solution to be optimal. ...speed (this varies) RMI Workshop - Oct ...
Population Genetics A Concise Guide
... understands well the core of population genetics is much better equipped to understand evolution than is one who understands less well each of a greater number of topics. If this book is mastered, then the rest of population genetics should be approachable. Population genetics is concerned with the ...
... understands well the core of population genetics is much better equipped to understand evolution than is one who understands less well each of a greater number of topics. If this book is mastered, then the rest of population genetics should be approachable. Population genetics is concerned with the ...
Chapter 14
... Multiple Alleles: The Population has More than Two Alleles for a Trait • Most genes exist in populations in more than two allelic forms. • For example, the four phenotypes of the ABO blood group in humans are determined by three alleles for the enzyme (I) that attaches A or B carbohydrates to red b ...
... Multiple Alleles: The Population has More than Two Alleles for a Trait • Most genes exist in populations in more than two allelic forms. • For example, the four phenotypes of the ABO blood group in humans are determined by three alleles for the enzyme (I) that attaches A or B carbohydrates to red b ...
The Integrated Phenotype
... (Olson and Miller 1958) are discussed in tandem, as these biological mechanisms are indistinguishable in many studies. Two major approaches have attempted to disentangle development from function. First, studies of developmental instability treat the variation produced through random events during d ...
... (Olson and Miller 1958) are discussed in tandem, as these biological mechanisms are indistinguishable in many studies. Two major approaches have attempted to disentangle development from function. First, studies of developmental instability treat the variation produced through random events during d ...
draft - IC
... only polynomial results known to date. The SCJ distance is exactly twice the the breakpoint (BP) distance of Tannier et al. [17] for circular genomes, but departs from it when linear chromosomes are present, because of an alternative way of treating telomeres. In a way, SCJ is the simplest mutationa ...
... only polynomial results known to date. The SCJ distance is exactly twice the the breakpoint (BP) distance of Tannier et al. [17] for circular genomes, but departs from it when linear chromosomes are present, because of an alternative way of treating telomeres. In a way, SCJ is the simplest mutationa ...
Exploring the association between the 2
... A line of research has revealed that a polymorphism in the promoter region of the MAOA gene is related to antisocial phenotypes. Most of these studies examine the effects of low MAOA activity alleles (2-repeat and 3-repeat alleles) against the effects of high MAOA activity alleles (3.5-repeat, 4-rep ...
... A line of research has revealed that a polymorphism in the promoter region of the MAOA gene is related to antisocial phenotypes. Most of these studies examine the effects of low MAOA activity alleles (2-repeat and 3-repeat alleles) against the effects of high MAOA activity alleles (3.5-repeat, 4-rep ...
Epistasis in Polygenic Traits and the Evolution of Genetic
... along a quantitative scale and are influenced by more than one or two genes (they are polygenic). A major challenge of current quantitative genetics is to elucidate the genetic architecture of these traits (for a recent review, see Mackay 2001) and to understand the evolutionary forces that shaped t ...
... along a quantitative scale and are influenced by more than one or two genes (they are polygenic). A major challenge of current quantitative genetics is to elucidate the genetic architecture of these traits (for a recent review, see Mackay 2001) and to understand the evolutionary forces that shaped t ...
Discover Debate Decide_exploring ethical
... Carrier: An individual who has a specified allele that is not expressed in the characteristics of the individual because the gene is recessive. Cells: The tiny units that are the basic building blocks of living things. Each cell contains genetic material, for example, DNA, and is surrounded by a mem ...
... Carrier: An individual who has a specified allele that is not expressed in the characteristics of the individual because the gene is recessive. Cells: The tiny units that are the basic building blocks of living things. Each cell contains genetic material, for example, DNA, and is surrounded by a mem ...
Chapter 11
... needs one copy of this allele in order to be colorblind. A female would need to have two copies of the recessive allele. Thus it is very rare to find a color blind female. Sex-Linked Traits ...
... needs one copy of this allele in order to be colorblind. A female would need to have two copies of the recessive allele. Thus it is very rare to find a color blind female. Sex-Linked Traits ...
Mendelian and Non-Mendelian Regulation of Gene Expression in
... Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. * E-mail: [email protected] ...
... Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. * E-mail: [email protected] ...
selection for the heterozygote
... in a given niche, within the population. The equilibrium will depend on the relative frequencies of the niches and the selection differentials... - can you think of an example?? Papilio butterflies... females mimic different models and an equilibrium is maintained; in fact, an equilibrium at each lo ...
... in a given niche, within the population. The equilibrium will depend on the relative frequencies of the niches and the selection differentials... - can you think of an example?? Papilio butterflies... females mimic different models and an equilibrium is maintained; in fact, an equilibrium at each lo ...
Parallel Evolution of Copy-Number Variation across Continents in
... only a handful of CNVs would appear to be differentiated in the same direction in both clines by chance. Thus, the majority of CNVs showing evidence for geographic differentiation in both the United States and Australia (the intersection in fig. 3a) are likely to be influenced by spatially varying s ...
... only a handful of CNVs would appear to be differentiated in the same direction in both clines by chance. Thus, the majority of CNVs showing evidence for geographic differentiation in both the United States and Australia (the intersection in fig. 3a) are likely to be influenced by spatially varying s ...
Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia and Organic Anion Transporting
... The aim of this study was to investigate the genotypic distribution of organic anion transporting polypeptide 2 (OATP-2) gene mutations and the relationship with hyperbilirubinemia of unknown etiology. Polymerase chain reaction, restriction fragment length polymorphism, and agarose gel electrophores ...
... The aim of this study was to investigate the genotypic distribution of organic anion transporting polypeptide 2 (OATP-2) gene mutations and the relationship with hyperbilirubinemia of unknown etiology. Polymerase chain reaction, restriction fragment length polymorphism, and agarose gel electrophores ...
Evidence for a role of the genomic region of the gene encoding for
... our study the number of sibpairs was small, the excess of sharing was statistically significant. Also, in our association study, we observed a significant relationship between the COL9A1 8B2 marker and radiographic hip OA. The relevance of our finding is not completely clear, because the significanc ...
... our study the number of sibpairs was small, the excess of sharing was statistically significant. Also, in our association study, we observed a significant relationship between the COL9A1 8B2 marker and radiographic hip OA. The relevance of our finding is not completely clear, because the significanc ...
Glutathione S-transferase copy number variation alters lung gene expression M.W. Butler*
... basis of a global analysis of transcriptomic data or genomewide genetic variation data. For each of these three prespecified genes, the gene’s expression levels, as provided by microarray, were compared to the measurement of their specific gene copy number, as assessed by SNP microarray. Correction ...
... basis of a global analysis of transcriptomic data or genomewide genetic variation data. For each of these three prespecified genes, the gene’s expression levels, as provided by microarray, were compared to the measurement of their specific gene copy number, as assessed by SNP microarray. Correction ...
Bringing schizophrenia into the Darwinian fold
... been reared apart their concordance rate is similar to that of monozygotic twins reared together, a finding that rules out a more similar environment for monozygotic twins as a causative factor in the different concordance rates between fraternal and identical twins.12 However, as the concordance ra ...
... been reared apart their concordance rate is similar to that of monozygotic twins reared together, a finding that rules out a more similar environment for monozygotic twins as a causative factor in the different concordance rates between fraternal and identical twins.12 However, as the concordance ra ...
Evaluation of deindividuation – essay plan
... When the amygdala is stimulated by outside novel and potentially threatening events, it will become more active, driving the person to act on their impulses. Individuals have different levels of serotonin on a day to day, hour by hour basis. However, there may also be people whom, for whatever rea ...
... When the amygdala is stimulated by outside novel and potentially threatening events, it will become more active, driving the person to act on their impulses. Individuals have different levels of serotonin on a day to day, hour by hour basis. However, there may also be people whom, for whatever rea ...
Chapter 17 Processes of Evolution
... alleles, move into and out of populations – Stabilizes allele frequencies, so it counters the effects of mutation, natural selection, and genetic drift that tend to occur within a population ...
... alleles, move into and out of populations – Stabilizes allele frequencies, so it counters the effects of mutation, natural selection, and genetic drift that tend to occur within a population ...
Genomics of adaptation and speciation in cichlid fishes: recent
... To analyse genomic diversity and selection in a Neotropical radiation, we conducted a comparative transcriptomic analysis between sympatric, ecologically divergent crater-lake Midas cichlids (Lake Xiloá Amphilophus amarillo and Amphilophus sagittae). We pyrosequenced (Roche 454) expressed sequence ...
... To analyse genomic diversity and selection in a Neotropical radiation, we conducted a comparative transcriptomic analysis between sympatric, ecologically divergent crater-lake Midas cichlids (Lake Xiloá Amphilophus amarillo and Amphilophus sagittae). We pyrosequenced (Roche 454) expressed sequence ...
Kin Recognition Mechanisms: Phenotypic Matching or Recognition
... Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at . http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=ucpress. . Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen o ...
... Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at . http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=ucpress. . Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen o ...
Simple Algorithms to Calculate Asymptotic Null Distributions of
... are commonly used for the analysis of case-control genetic association studies (Sasieni 1997; Balding 2006). Pearson’s test ignores the ordered alternative but the CATT takes the order into account. To apply the CATT, increasing scores are specified a priori for the three genotypes depending on the ...
... are commonly used for the analysis of case-control genetic association studies (Sasieni 1997; Balding 2006). Pearson’s test ignores the ordered alternative but the CATT takes the order into account. To apply the CATT, increasing scores are specified a priori for the three genotypes depending on the ...
Population Genetics - University of Evansville Faculty Web sites
... 1. Inbreeding Experiments As a consequence of these experiments, recessive genes become expressed; before they were hidden 2. Artificial Selection Experiments In artificial selection the individuals chosen to breed the next generation are those that exhibit the greatest expression of the desired cha ...
... 1. Inbreeding Experiments As a consequence of these experiments, recessive genes become expressed; before they were hidden 2. Artificial Selection Experiments In artificial selection the individuals chosen to breed the next generation are those that exhibit the greatest expression of the desired cha ...
Human genetic variation
Human genetic variation is the genetic differences both within and among populations. There may be multiple variants of any given gene in the human population (genes), leading to polymorphism. Many genes are not polymorphic, meaning that only a single allele is present in the population: the gene is then said to be fixed. On average, in terms of DNA sequence all humans are 99.9% similar to any other humans.No two humans are genetically identical. Even monozygotic twins, who develop from one zygote, have infrequent genetic differences due to mutations occurring during development and gene copy-number variation. Differences between individuals, even closely related individuals, are the key to techniques such as genetic fingerprinting. Alleles occur at different frequencies in different human populations, with populations that are more geographically and ancestrally remote tending to differ more.Causes of differences between individuals include the exchange of genes during meiosis and various mutational events. There are at least two reasons why genetic variation exists between populations. Natural selection may confer an adaptive advantage to individuals in a specific environment if an allele provides a competitive advantage. Alleles under selection are likely to occur only in those geographic regions where they confer an advantage. The second main cause of genetic variation is due to the high degree of neutrality of most mutations. Most mutations do not appear to have any selective effect one way or the other on the organism. The main cause is genetic drift, this is the effect of random changes in the gene pool. In humans, founder effect and past small population size (increasing the likelihood of genetic drift) may have had an important influence in neutral differences between populations. The theory that humans recently migrated out of Africa supports this.The study of human genetic variation has both evolutionary significance and medical applications. It can help scientists understand ancient human population migrations as well as how different human groups are biologically related to one another. For medicine, study of human genetic variation may be important because some disease-causing alleles occur more often in people from specific geographic regions. New findings show that each human has on average 60 new mutations compared to their parents.Apart from mutations, many genes that may have aided humans in ancient times plague humans today. For example, it is suspected that genes that allow humans to more efficiently process food are those that make people susceptible to obesity and diabetes today.