The Membrane Skeleton of a Unicellular Consists
... shown in Fig. 2, a and b, and details are shown diagrammatically in Fig. 3 b. Although the plasma membrane is continuous along the ridge and groove, the membrane skeleton is discontinuous and in fact consists of individual parallel strips that overlap along their lateral margins. The junction betwee ...
... shown in Fig. 2, a and b, and details are shown diagrammatically in Fig. 3 b. Although the plasma membrane is continuous along the ridge and groove, the membrane skeleton is discontinuous and in fact consists of individual parallel strips that overlap along their lateral margins. The junction betwee ...
biological membranes and membrane transport
... functions, such as pumps, channels, receptors, energy transducers, and enzymes. 5. Membranes are non-covalent assemblies. 6. Membranes are asymetric and fluidic. ...
... functions, such as pumps, channels, receptors, energy transducers, and enzymes. 5. Membranes are non-covalent assemblies. 6. Membranes are asymetric and fluidic. ...
Metabolomics of a single vacuole reveals metabolic dynamism in an
... not only differ in individual organs, cells, and organelles but also fluctuate in response to developmental stages and environmental conditions. Metabolite levels are critical regulators of fundamental biological processes such as growth, differentiation, and defense responses. Therefore, the analys ...
... not only differ in individual organs, cells, and organelles but also fluctuate in response to developmental stages and environmental conditions. Metabolite levels are critical regulators of fundamental biological processes such as growth, differentiation, and defense responses. Therefore, the analys ...
Quantification of gap junction selectivity
... dynamically regulated parameter of channel function remains unexplored, and the extent of connexin-specific selectivity differences are poorly defined. To understand why the mammalian genome includes 20 or more connexin genes, the functional differences between the gap junctions that they form must ...
... dynamically regulated parameter of channel function remains unexplored, and the extent of connexin-specific selectivity differences are poorly defined. To understand why the mammalian genome includes 20 or more connexin genes, the functional differences between the gap junctions that they form must ...
The Cell Membrane
... The nucleus contains DNA, the genetic instructions within chromosomes. The instructions tell how to synthesize the proteins that determine cell structure and function. Chromosomes also contain various proteins that control expression of the genetic information. ...
... The nucleus contains DNA, the genetic instructions within chromosomes. The instructions tell how to synthesize the proteins that determine cell structure and function. Chromosomes also contain various proteins that control expression of the genetic information. ...
Antimicrobial mechanisms of phagocytes and bacterial evasion
... microbial antigens on their surface, eliciting acquired immune responses. To survive this hostile response, certain bacterial species have developed evasive strategies that often involve the secretion of effectors to co-opt the cellular machinery of the host. In this Review, we present an overview o ...
... microbial antigens on their surface, eliciting acquired immune responses. To survive this hostile response, certain bacterial species have developed evasive strategies that often involve the secretion of effectors to co-opt the cellular machinery of the host. In this Review, we present an overview o ...
Plant Vacuoles
... 1996; Müntz, 1998; see Herman and Larkins, 1999, in this issue). The membrane of the protein storage vacuoles (PSVs) contains the seed-specific aquaporin a-TIP (Höfte et al., 1992; Paris et al., 1996; Swanson et al., 1998; see below). Storage proteins are also synthesized and accumulated in speciali ...
... 1996; Müntz, 1998; see Herman and Larkins, 1999, in this issue). The membrane of the protein storage vacuoles (PSVs) contains the seed-specific aquaporin a-TIP (Höfte et al., 1992; Paris et al., 1996; Swanson et al., 1998; see below). Storage proteins are also synthesized and accumulated in speciali ...
Mitochondria as signaling organelles R E V I E W Open Access
... transport chain (ETC), which pumps protons across the mitochondrial inner membrane to generate an electrochemical gradient that is required both for production of ATP and for the efficient shuttling of proteins into and out of mitochondria. Mitochondrial ATP generation allows cells to maintain a hig ...
... transport chain (ETC), which pumps protons across the mitochondrial inner membrane to generate an electrochemical gradient that is required both for production of ATP and for the efficient shuttling of proteins into and out of mitochondria. Mitochondrial ATP generation allows cells to maintain a hig ...
Plant Vacuoles
... 1996; Müntz, 1998; see Herman and Larkins, 1999, in this issue). The membrane of the protein storage vacuoles (PSVs) contains the seed-specific aquaporin a-TIP (Höfte et al., 1992; Paris et al., 1996; Swanson et al., 1998; see below). Storage proteins are also synthesized and accumulated in speciali ...
... 1996; Müntz, 1998; see Herman and Larkins, 1999, in this issue). The membrane of the protein storage vacuoles (PSVs) contains the seed-specific aquaporin a-TIP (Höfte et al., 1992; Paris et al., 1996; Swanson et al., 1998; see below). Storage proteins are also synthesized and accumulated in speciali ...
1 Cell polarity and asymmetric cell division: the C. elegans early
... Cell polarization is also one of the prerequisites for asymmetric (unequal) cell division, a crucial biological process required to generate diversity during development. A cell divides asymmetrically when it gives rise to daughter cells with distinct developmental potentials. Examples of asymmetric ...
... Cell polarization is also one of the prerequisites for asymmetric (unequal) cell division, a crucial biological process required to generate diversity during development. A cell divides asymmetrically when it gives rise to daughter cells with distinct developmental potentials. Examples of asymmetric ...
Systematic Analysis of Arabidopsis Organelles
... is a time-consuming and costly endeavor. Computational methods could help to make this process more rapid by providing some clues about a protein’s potential location (Claros and Vincens, 1996; Cedano et al., 1997; Nakai and Horton, 1999; Emanuelsson et al., 2000; Chou, 2001; Hua and Sun, 2001; Chou ...
... is a time-consuming and costly endeavor. Computational methods could help to make this process more rapid by providing some clues about a protein’s potential location (Claros and Vincens, 1996; Cedano et al., 1997; Nakai and Horton, 1999; Emanuelsson et al., 2000; Chou, 2001; Hua and Sun, 2001; Chou ...
A Vacuolar Processing Enzyme, dVPE, Is Involved in Seed Coat
... shown). The final seed coat consisted of a one-cell-layer inner integument (ii1) and a one-cell-layer outer integument (data not shown). The cells of the ii1 layer were filled with large, electrondense compartments (Figures 6A, 6C, and 6D). The cells of the ii2 and ii3 layers had no such subcellular ...
... shown). The final seed coat consisted of a one-cell-layer inner integument (ii1) and a one-cell-layer outer integument (data not shown). The cells of the ii1 layer were filled with large, electrondense compartments (Figures 6A, 6C, and 6D). The cells of the ii2 and ii3 layers had no such subcellular ...
Stimulation of taxol production by combined salicylic acid elicitation and... Taxus baccata Ayatollah Rezaei
... concentrations and MDA content of cells. Combination of US and SA induced a higher level of MDA content compared to each treatment alone. It has been reported that exogenous SA treatment improved lipid peroxidation rate in plant cell cultures [23]. In addition, MDA content was significantly higher i ...
... concentrations and MDA content of cells. Combination of US and SA induced a higher level of MDA content compared to each treatment alone. It has been reported that exogenous SA treatment improved lipid peroxidation rate in plant cell cultures [23]. In addition, MDA content was significantly higher i ...
GYP5 - Genetics
... Rvs167p and Rvs161p are members of a family of proteins that includes amphiphysins, which are proteins involved in endocytosis of synaptic vesicles in nerve terminals (for review see ZHANG and ZELHOF 2002). Proteins in this family are characterized by the presence of an N-terminal BAR domain and it ...
... Rvs167p and Rvs161p are members of a family of proteins that includes amphiphysins, which are proteins involved in endocytosis of synaptic vesicles in nerve terminals (for review see ZHANG and ZELHOF 2002). Proteins in this family are characterized by the presence of an N-terminal BAR domain and it ...
Diffusion of Green Fluorescent Protein in Three Cell
... "tatABCDE background, where the GFP remains in the cytoplasm (23). Finally, a fusion with the tatA gene was used to tag the C terminus of an E. coli plasma membrane protein as previously described (19). We report diffusion coefficients for GFP in the three environments. ...
... "tatABCDE background, where the GFP remains in the cytoplasm (23). Finally, a fusion with the tatA gene was used to tag the C terminus of an E. coli plasma membrane protein as previously described (19). We report diffusion coefficients for GFP in the three environments. ...
Yeeeeeeea Haaaaaw! Grab yer hat and saddle the broncs! It`s time
... the page. This site may only be available to you at school. 2. Biology4Kids.com – http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_main.html Learn all about a cell's structure and the functions of its organelles on this website. They also discuss the difference between a plant and animal cell. You are able to ...
... the page. This site may only be available to you at school. 2. Biology4Kids.com – http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_main.html Learn all about a cell's structure and the functions of its organelles on this website. They also discuss the difference between a plant and animal cell. You are able to ...
Polarity and cell division orientation in the cleavage embryo: from
... epithelial cells. In neuroblasts, Baz, aPKC, Par-6 and Cdc42 form an apical domain that is limited, at least in part, by antagonism with basally located Lgl (Fig. 1B) (Prehoda, 2009; Bergstralh et al., 2013). In epithelial cells on the other hand, the apical domain is enriched with aPKC and Cdc42, w ...
... epithelial cells. In neuroblasts, Baz, aPKC, Par-6 and Cdc42 form an apical domain that is limited, at least in part, by antagonism with basally located Lgl (Fig. 1B) (Prehoda, 2009; Bergstralh et al., 2013). In epithelial cells on the other hand, the apical domain is enriched with aPKC and Cdc42, w ...
Protein Sorting to the Storage Vacuoles of Plants: A Critical Appraisal
... not associate with clathrin. In mammals, both dileucine as well as tyrosine motifs are recognized by AP3, whereas in yeast only dileucine signals are involved (30). It is not yet known whether a non-clathrin AP3-based trafficking pathway to the vacuole exists in plant cells. ...
... not associate with clathrin. In mammals, both dileucine as well as tyrosine motifs are recognized by AP3, whereas in yeast only dileucine signals are involved (30). It is not yet known whether a non-clathrin AP3-based trafficking pathway to the vacuole exists in plant cells. ...
mutant alleles of polymitotic that disrupt the cell cycle
... nuclear morphology is abnormal in these cells. The chromatin is more diffuse than that in wild-type cells at a similar stage (compare to Fig. 1C). In Fig. 2B, two tetrad cells show abnormal interphase nuclear microtubule arrays. However, the other two cells are separated by a phragmoplast. In wild-t ...
... nuclear morphology is abnormal in these cells. The chromatin is more diffuse than that in wild-type cells at a similar stage (compare to Fig. 1C). In Fig. 2B, two tetrad cells show abnormal interphase nuclear microtubule arrays. However, the other two cells are separated by a phragmoplast. In wild-t ...
Raven/Johnson Biology 8e Chapter 05 – Answers 1. The description
... nitrogen. The fatty acid tails of the phospholipids molecules do not contain H–O or H–N bonds. 3. What chemical property characterizes the interior of the phospholipid bilayer? a. It is hydrophobic. b. It is hydrophilic. c. It is polar. d. It is saturated. The correct answer is a—It is hydrophobic. ...
... nitrogen. The fatty acid tails of the phospholipids molecules do not contain H–O or H–N bonds. 3. What chemical property characterizes the interior of the phospholipid bilayer? a. It is hydrophobic. b. It is hydrophilic. c. It is polar. d. It is saturated. The correct answer is a—It is hydrophobic. ...
Inductive asymmetric cell division
... Role of WRM-1 in EMS Spindle Rotation: WRM-1 as a Masking Factor of Intrinsic Polarity What then is the biological significance of removing WRM-1 from the EMS posterior cortex? In wild-type embryos, astral microtubules emanating from one of the centrosomes appear to capture a region in the posterior ...
... Role of WRM-1 in EMS Spindle Rotation: WRM-1 as a Masking Factor of Intrinsic Polarity What then is the biological significance of removing WRM-1 from the EMS posterior cortex? In wild-type embryos, astral microtubules emanating from one of the centrosomes appear to capture a region in the posterior ...
Thesis - u
... Abstract: Phloem proteins 2 (PP2) are among the most abundant proteins in the phloem sieve elements. PP2s present lectin activity, ability to bind to proteins and RNAs, and they move from cell to cell. Moreover, several evidences suggest that PP2s behave like chaperones, acting on macromolecules tra ...
... Abstract: Phloem proteins 2 (PP2) are among the most abundant proteins in the phloem sieve elements. PP2s present lectin activity, ability to bind to proteins and RNAs, and they move from cell to cell. Moreover, several evidences suggest that PP2s behave like chaperones, acting on macromolecules tra ...
Raven/Johnson Biology 8e
... nitrogen. The fatty acid tails of the phospholipids molecules do not contain H–O or H–N bonds. 3. What chemical property characterizes the interior of the phospholipid bilayer? a. It is hydrophobic. b. It is hydrophilic. c. It is polar. d. It is saturated. The correct answer is a—It is hydrophobic. ...
... nitrogen. The fatty acid tails of the phospholipids molecules do not contain H–O or H–N bonds. 3. What chemical property characterizes the interior of the phospholipid bilayer? a. It is hydrophobic. b. It is hydrophilic. c. It is polar. d. It is saturated. The correct answer is a—It is hydrophobic. ...
Cytosol
The cytosol or intracellular fluid (ICF) or cytoplasmic matrix is the liquid found inside cells. It is separated into compartments by membranes. For example, the mitochondrial matrix separates the mitochondrion into many compartments.In the eukaryotic cell, the cytosol is within the cell membrane and is part of the cytoplasm, which also comprises the mitochondria, plastids, and other organelles (but not their internal fluids and structures); the cell nucleus is separate. In prokaryotes, most of the chemical reactions of metabolism take place in the cytosol, while a few take place in membranes or in the periplasmic space. In eukaryotes, while many metabolic pathways still occur in the cytosol, others are contained within organelles.The cytosol is a complex mixture of substances dissolved in water. Although water forms the large majority of the cytosol, its structure and properties within cells is not well understood. The concentrations of ions such as sodium and potassium are different in the cytosol than in the extracellular fluid; these differences in ion levels are important in processes such as osmoregulation, cell signaling, and the generation of action potentials in excitable cells such as endocrine, nerve and muscle cells. The cytosol also contains large amounts of macromolecules, which can alter how molecules behave, through macromolecular crowding.Although it was once thought to be a simple solution of molecules, the cytosol has multiple levels of organization. These include concentration gradients of small molecules such as calcium, large complexes of enzymes that act together to carry out metabolic pathways, and protein complexes such as proteasomes and carboxysomes that enclose and separate parts of the cytosol.