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Intracellular catalysis of disulfide bond formation by the human
... yeast ER was identified by screening for proteins that could rescue an Ero1p mutant when overexpressed [3]. Overexpression of a luminal ER protein, Erv2p, conferred increased resistance to DTT (dithiothreitol) and the restoration of CPY (carboxypeptidase Y) maturation in both ero1-1 and ero1 strain ...
... yeast ER was identified by screening for proteins that could rescue an Ero1p mutant when overexpressed [3]. Overexpression of a luminal ER protein, Erv2p, conferred increased resistance to DTT (dithiothreitol) and the restoration of CPY (carboxypeptidase Y) maturation in both ero1-1 and ero1 strain ...
Organization of the Sea Urchin Egg Endoplasmic Reticulum and Its
... dye spread through the ER, but not into other organelles, thus allowing us to visualize the structure of the ER in the egg . Previous studies in fixed preparations have provided evidence for transformations in ER organization that accompany physiological changes in oocytes and eggs. A structural re ...
... dye spread through the ER, but not into other organelles, thus allowing us to visualize the structure of the ER in the egg . Previous studies in fixed preparations have provided evidence for transformations in ER organization that accompany physiological changes in oocytes and eggs. A structural re ...
Carbohydrates and Glycobiology
... representing their three-dimensional structures on paper. We then discuss several chemical reactions of the carbonyl groups of monosaccharides. One such reaction, the addition of a hydroxyl group from within the same molecule, generates the cyclic forms of five- and six-carbon sugars (which predomin ...
... representing their three-dimensional structures on paper. We then discuss several chemical reactions of the carbonyl groups of monosaccharides. One such reaction, the addition of a hydroxyl group from within the same molecule, generates the cyclic forms of five- and six-carbon sugars (which predomin ...
Measuring the mechanical properties of plant cells by combining
... Several models have been proposed that describe indentation experiments at different scales. A mathematical model that is often used to interpret data from AFM experiments is the Hertz model (Lin et al., 2007). This assumes that indentations are small enough to only probe elastic properties of the ...
... Several models have been proposed that describe indentation experiments at different scales. A mathematical model that is often used to interpret data from AFM experiments is the Hertz model (Lin et al., 2007). This assumes that indentations are small enough to only probe elastic properties of the ...
Document
... Properties • Colligative properties depend on the # of particles present in solution. • Because ionic solutes dissociate into ions, they have a greater effect on freezing pt and boiling pt than molecular solids of the same molal conc. ...
... Properties • Colligative properties depend on the # of particles present in solution. • Because ionic solutes dissociate into ions, they have a greater effect on freezing pt and boiling pt than molecular solids of the same molal conc. ...
Embodied Computation Applying the Physics of Computation to Artificial Morphogenesis
... CAMs and SAMs or flexibility in deploying them. However it is plausible that migration of artificial agents will be primarily be means of control of local adhesion. But we may have to adapt some morphogenetic processes to accommodate artificial agents with more limited locomotive abilities than thei ...
... CAMs and SAMs or flexibility in deploying them. However it is plausible that migration of artificial agents will be primarily be means of control of local adhesion. But we may have to adapt some morphogenetic processes to accommodate artificial agents with more limited locomotive abilities than thei ...
synchronous pollen mitosis and the formation of the generative cell
... along it towards the polar structure lying behind the telophase generative nucleus. As lateral growth of the generative cell wall progresses, a junction with the parent spore cell wall is established. This is seen in Fig. 27. The callose of the generative cell wall has spread out slightly along the ...
... along it towards the polar structure lying behind the telophase generative nucleus. As lateral growth of the generative cell wall progresses, a junction with the parent spore cell wall is established. This is seen in Fig. 27. The callose of the generative cell wall has spread out slightly along the ...
MagneHis™ Protein Purification System Technical Manual
... Two methods for lysis of bacterial cells using the FastBreak™ Cell Lysis Reagent, 10X, are presented in this section. In Method 1, cells are pelleted, and then the FastBreak™ Cell Lysis Reagent, 10X, diluted to 1X concentration, is added to the cell pellet with DNase I. Alternatively, FastBreak™ Cel ...
... Two methods for lysis of bacterial cells using the FastBreak™ Cell Lysis Reagent, 10X, are presented in this section. In Method 1, cells are pelleted, and then the FastBreak™ Cell Lysis Reagent, 10X, diluted to 1X concentration, is added to the cell pellet with DNase I. Alternatively, FastBreak™ Cel ...
division plane control in plants: new players in the band
... and/or PPB F-actin plays an important role in the establishment of the cortical division site. The Arabidopsis kinesin KCA1 is as a second negative marker of the cortical division site. In tobacco BY-2 cells, GFP-KCA1 localizes to the plasma membrane and cell plate. Like cortical F-actin, it is loca ...
... and/or PPB F-actin plays an important role in the establishment of the cortical division site. The Arabidopsis kinesin KCA1 is as a second negative marker of the cortical division site. In tobacco BY-2 cells, GFP-KCA1 localizes to the plasma membrane and cell plate. Like cortical F-actin, it is loca ...
Section 1 Lactation Physiology
... Amino acid transport: Both sodium-dependent and sodium independent amino acid transport mechanisms analogous to those found in other organs have been demonstrated at the basolateral component of the mammary epithelium. Other ...
... Amino acid transport: Both sodium-dependent and sodium independent amino acid transport mechanisms analogous to those found in other organs have been demonstrated at the basolateral component of the mammary epithelium. Other ...
A Simple 1-D Physical Model for the Crawling Nematode Sperm Cell
... Nematode sperm cells crawl, rather than swim, like most other sperm cells. The crawling cells, moving at tenths of microns per second, are tens of microns long and wide and a few microns high; see Fig. 1. In these cells, which appear to be dedicated solely to migration, the locomotion machinery has ...
... Nematode sperm cells crawl, rather than swim, like most other sperm cells. The crawling cells, moving at tenths of microns per second, are tens of microns long and wide and a few microns high; see Fig. 1. In these cells, which appear to be dedicated solely to migration, the locomotion machinery has ...
The Arabidopsis Exocyst Complex Is Involved in
... regulated distribution of endomembranes, organelles, and genomes between daughter cells. Secretory pathways supported by the activity of the Golgi apparatus play a crucial role in cytokinesis in plants. From the onset of phragmoplast initiation to the maturation of the cell plate, delivery of secret ...
... regulated distribution of endomembranes, organelles, and genomes between daughter cells. Secretory pathways supported by the activity of the Golgi apparatus play a crucial role in cytokinesis in plants. From the onset of phragmoplast initiation to the maturation of the cell plate, delivery of secret ...
Mitochondrion and Chloroplast Regulation of Plant Programmed
... The decision as to whether a plant cell activates PCD, or not, is determined by information it receives from a number of sources, including its environment, for example, cell survival signals, developmental cues, pathogen recognition, stress signals or internal information such as developmental hist ...
... The decision as to whether a plant cell activates PCD, or not, is determined by information it receives from a number of sources, including its environment, for example, cell survival signals, developmental cues, pathogen recognition, stress signals or internal information such as developmental hist ...
PDF
... prominent, non-specific band at 55 kDa (Fig. 2A). Because this antibody had not been validated in zebrafish, we also injected embryos with mRNA in which the 2-OST coding region is fused in-frame to GFP, generating a larger 2-OST protein that could be detected as a discrete band at 69 kDa by western ...
... prominent, non-specific band at 55 kDa (Fig. 2A). Because this antibody had not been validated in zebrafish, we also injected embryos with mRNA in which the 2-OST coding region is fused in-frame to GFP, generating a larger 2-OST protein that could be detected as a discrete band at 69 kDa by western ...
The Arabidopsis Exocyst Complex Is Involved in Cytokinesis and
... regulated distribution of endomembranes, organelles, and genomes between daughter cells. Secretory pathways supported by the activity of the Golgi apparatus play a crucial role in cytokinesis in plants. From the onset of phragmoplast initiation to the maturation of the cell plate, delivery of secret ...
... regulated distribution of endomembranes, organelles, and genomes between daughter cells. Secretory pathways supported by the activity of the Golgi apparatus play a crucial role in cytokinesis in plants. From the onset of phragmoplast initiation to the maturation of the cell plate, delivery of secret ...
Compartments Target the Antigen to Distinct Intracellular B Cell
... Copyright © 2004 by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc. ...
... Copyright © 2004 by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc. ...
A Darwinian view of metabolism: molecular
... ducing chemicals with potent biomolecular activity. Consequently it was proposed (Jones and Firn, 1991; Firn and Jones, 1996) that the capacity to generate new chemical diversity would have been a general trait that was selected for in organisms making such chemicals. A large chemical diversity bege ...
... ducing chemicals with potent biomolecular activity. Consequently it was proposed (Jones and Firn, 1991; Firn and Jones, 1996) that the capacity to generate new chemical diversity would have been a general trait that was selected for in organisms making such chemicals. A large chemical diversity bege ...
An inside-out origin for the eukaryotic cell
... in response to reductions in the concentration of extracellular sulfur [9]. Moreover, Archaea with protrusions associated with cell-cell contacts have been seen in mixed microbial communities in biofilms [12]. The potential selective value of extracellular protrusions is also illustrated by a number ...
... in response to reductions in the concentration of extracellular sulfur [9]. Moreover, Archaea with protrusions associated with cell-cell contacts have been seen in mixed microbial communities in biofilms [12]. The potential selective value of extracellular protrusions is also illustrated by a number ...
The Small GTPases Rho and Rac Are Required for the
... strength to adhesion (Kemler, 1993; Brieher et al., 1996). In spite of the importance of cadherin function for many developmental processes and tumor metastasis, the model postulated for the regulation of cadherin-mediated cell– cell adhesion is still very fragmented. It is not known how the associa ...
... strength to adhesion (Kemler, 1993; Brieher et al., 1996). In spite of the importance of cadherin function for many developmental processes and tumor metastasis, the model postulated for the regulation of cadherin-mediated cell– cell adhesion is still very fragmented. It is not known how the associa ...
vesicle
... neurons in order to coordinate smooth, skeletal and cardiac muscles, bodily secretions and organ functions critical for the long-term survival of multicellular vertebrate organisms such as mammals. Neurons form networks through which nerve impulses travel. Each neuron receives as many as 15,000 conn ...
... neurons in order to coordinate smooth, skeletal and cardiac muscles, bodily secretions and organ functions critical for the long-term survival of multicellular vertebrate organisms such as mammals. Neurons form networks through which nerve impulses travel. Each neuron receives as many as 15,000 conn ...
Membrane Transport Lecture
... – The movement of substances other than water from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration • Area of high to area of low defines a gradient ...
... – The movement of substances other than water from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration • Area of high to area of low defines a gradient ...
Sliding_filament_theory_1
... Once an action potential arrives at the axon terminal, acetylcholine is released, resulting in the depolarization of motor end plate. This action potential propagates along the sarcolemma and down the T-tubules causing the release of Ca2+ ions from the terminal cisternae into the cytosol. Ca2+ ions ...
... Once an action potential arrives at the axon terminal, acetylcholine is released, resulting in the depolarization of motor end plate. This action potential propagates along the sarcolemma and down the T-tubules causing the release of Ca2+ ions from the terminal cisternae into the cytosol. Ca2+ ions ...
Cytosol
![](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Crowded_cytosol.png?width=300)
The cytosol or intracellular fluid (ICF) or cytoplasmic matrix is the liquid found inside cells. It is separated into compartments by membranes. For example, the mitochondrial matrix separates the mitochondrion into many compartments.In the eukaryotic cell, the cytosol is within the cell membrane and is part of the cytoplasm, which also comprises the mitochondria, plastids, and other organelles (but not their internal fluids and structures); the cell nucleus is separate. In prokaryotes, most of the chemical reactions of metabolism take place in the cytosol, while a few take place in membranes or in the periplasmic space. In eukaryotes, while many metabolic pathways still occur in the cytosol, others are contained within organelles.The cytosol is a complex mixture of substances dissolved in water. Although water forms the large majority of the cytosol, its structure and properties within cells is not well understood. The concentrations of ions such as sodium and potassium are different in the cytosol than in the extracellular fluid; these differences in ion levels are important in processes such as osmoregulation, cell signaling, and the generation of action potentials in excitable cells such as endocrine, nerve and muscle cells. The cytosol also contains large amounts of macromolecules, which can alter how molecules behave, through macromolecular crowding.Although it was once thought to be a simple solution of molecules, the cytosol has multiple levels of organization. These include concentration gradients of small molecules such as calcium, large complexes of enzymes that act together to carry out metabolic pathways, and protein complexes such as proteasomes and carboxysomes that enclose and separate parts of the cytosol.