![The Development of the Cnidoblasts of Hydra](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/017932857_1-202c415f1102db02ee132eda8bd84f8c-300x300.png)
The Development of the Cnidoblasts of Hydra
... the margins of small circular areas 200 to 300 A in diameter. These local specializations of the nuclear membrane seem to correspond to the structures, in other cell types, that have been called "nuclear pores" by other investigators (37). The rod-shaped mitochondria are sparse, randomly distributed ...
... the margins of small circular areas 200 to 300 A in diameter. These local specializations of the nuclear membrane seem to correspond to the structures, in other cell types, that have been called "nuclear pores" by other investigators (37). The rod-shaped mitochondria are sparse, randomly distributed ...
Developing a `thick skin`: a paradoxical role for
... provide a physical scaffold and regulate cell shape changes, cell adhesion or growth (Sherwood, 2015). Although there is formally no equivalent of a basement membrane in plants, the cell wall (see Glossary, Box 1) facing the external environment might share homologous functions, at least when focusi ...
... provide a physical scaffold and regulate cell shape changes, cell adhesion or growth (Sherwood, 2015). Although there is formally no equivalent of a basement membrane in plants, the cell wall (see Glossary, Box 1) facing the external environment might share homologous functions, at least when focusi ...
Functional coupling of microtubules to membranes
... for maintaining a juxtanuclear Golgi network, a highly distributed but dynamic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or specifically positioned endosomal compartments. We do know, however, that this organization is largely governed by the cytoskeleton. The microtubule and actin networks both have substantial r ...
... for maintaining a juxtanuclear Golgi network, a highly distributed but dynamic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or specifically positioned endosomal compartments. We do know, however, that this organization is largely governed by the cytoskeleton. The microtubule and actin networks both have substantial r ...
bacterial cell shape - Jacobs-Wagner Lab
... The concepts of shape determination and shape maintenance are related but distinct. Determination refers to the guidance of something new, whereas maintenance refers to the preservation of something previously determined. In the case of a poured-concrete wall, its shape is determined by wooden formw ...
... The concepts of shape determination and shape maintenance are related but distinct. Determination refers to the guidance of something new, whereas maintenance refers to the preservation of something previously determined. In the case of a poured-concrete wall, its shape is determined by wooden formw ...
The Arabidopsis Callose Synthase Gene GSL8 Is
... Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm and its separation into two daughter cells. Cell plate growth and cytokinesis appear to require callose, but direct functional evidence is still lacking. To determine the role of callose and its synthesis during cytokinesis, we identified and characterize ...
... Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm and its separation into two daughter cells. Cell plate growth and cytokinesis appear to require callose, but direct functional evidence is still lacking. To determine the role of callose and its synthesis during cytokinesis, we identified and characterize ...
Article - Research | www.stowers.org
... (Dlg) (not shown). Whereas the MF is characterized by an acute decrease in the apical cell surface of over 10 cell diameters, the whole anterior compartment of the eye disc is characterized by a graded decrease of the apical cell surfaces along the anterior-posterior axis (Figures 1A and 1B); small ...
... (Dlg) (not shown). Whereas the MF is characterized by an acute decrease in the apical cell surface of over 10 cell diameters, the whole anterior compartment of the eye disc is characterized by a graded decrease of the apical cell surfaces along the anterior-posterior axis (Figures 1A and 1B); small ...
New Views on the Plant Cytoskeleton
... and new and improved imaging technologies, is changing our views on the form, the function, and the regulation of the plant cytoskeleton. Ever since their discovery in plant cells in the 1960s and 1970s, the function of microtubules and actin microfilaments has been analyzed largely by pharmacologic ...
... and new and improved imaging technologies, is changing our views on the form, the function, and the regulation of the plant cytoskeleton. Ever since their discovery in plant cells in the 1960s and 1970s, the function of microtubules and actin microfilaments has been analyzed largely by pharmacologic ...
Geometrical constraints in the scaling relationships between
... take into account the fact that most empirical cell length data come from measurement of stomata guard cells. These cells are known to have rather constant sizes and typically do not endoreduplicate [48] (which makes them a favourite subject for comparative studies), but have a strongly constrained ...
... take into account the fact that most empirical cell length data come from measurement of stomata guard cells. These cells are known to have rather constant sizes and typically do not endoreduplicate [48] (which makes them a favourite subject for comparative studies), but have a strongly constrained ...
Skb5, an SH3 adaptor protein, regulates Pmk1 MAPK signaling by
... by Pck2 overproduction. Wild-type (WT) cells transformed with the control vectors (+vector) alone, pREP2-GST-Pck2 (+pck2 +) and the control vector, pREP2GST-Pck2 and the skb5+gene, or pREP2-GST-Pck2 and pmp1 + gene, were grown in EMM in the presence (Promoter OFF) or absence (Promoter OFF) of thiami ...
... by Pck2 overproduction. Wild-type (WT) cells transformed with the control vectors (+vector) alone, pREP2-GST-Pck2 (+pck2 +) and the control vector, pREP2GST-Pck2 and the skb5+gene, or pREP2-GST-Pck2 and pmp1 + gene, were grown in EMM in the presence (Promoter OFF) or absence (Promoter OFF) of thiami ...
Guard Cells Possess a Calcium-Dependent
... (slow) and R-type (rapid) plasma membrane anion channels, which allow Cl2 and malate efflux during stomatal closure, are also activated by elevated cytosolic Ca21 concentrations (Schroeder and Hagiwara, 1989; Hedrich et al., 1990). Consistent with these electrophysiological data, exogenous applicati ...
... (slow) and R-type (rapid) plasma membrane anion channels, which allow Cl2 and malate efflux during stomatal closure, are also activated by elevated cytosolic Ca21 concentrations (Schroeder and Hagiwara, 1989; Hedrich et al., 1990). Consistent with these electrophysiological data, exogenous applicati ...
II-Expressing Microvesicles at Their Surface Follicular Dendritic
... MHC class II compartments (MIICs) (10), which are the subcellular site of peptide loading onto MHC class II molecules (11). MIICs are part of the endosomal/lysosomal pathway in APC and often have a multivesicular phenotype (12, 13). The internal vesicles of multivesicular MIICs are probably formed b ...
... MHC class II compartments (MIICs) (10), which are the subcellular site of peptide loading onto MHC class II molecules (11). MIICs are part of the endosomal/lysosomal pathway in APC and often have a multivesicular phenotype (12, 13). The internal vesicles of multivesicular MIICs are probably formed b ...
Transformations of phosphatidylinositol phosphates in the outer and
... (PIP1s) in Golgi [16,17]. These incongruities in the composition of the membrane continuum brought us to speculation that the membrane biogenesis in the region of ER transiting into ONM may be defining the outer and inner nuclear biomembrane. In the previous study that demonstrated the phosphatidyli ...
... (PIP1s) in Golgi [16,17]. These incongruities in the composition of the membrane continuum brought us to speculation that the membrane biogenesis in the region of ER transiting into ONM may be defining the outer and inner nuclear biomembrane. In the previous study that demonstrated the phosphatidyli ...
29. protein targeting and degradation
... The proteins to be secreted and the lysosomal proteins completely pass through the membrane of the ER. On the contrary, other proteins must form part of a membrane. Such proteins, in the lumen of the ER, are modified in several ways. Besides the removal of signal sequences, polypeptide chains fold a ...
... The proteins to be secreted and the lysosomal proteins completely pass through the membrane of the ER. On the contrary, other proteins must form part of a membrane. Such proteins, in the lumen of the ER, are modified in several ways. Besides the removal of signal sequences, polypeptide chains fold a ...
Dynamic in vivo interactions among Myc network members
... (bHLH ± ZIP) transcription factor, plays critical roles in proliferation, dierentiation, transformation, and apoptosis (Henriksson and LuÈscher, 1996; Facchini and Penn, 1998; Nesbit et al., 1999). c-Myc is highly expressed during proliferation, in contrast to the low levels associated with cellula ...
... (bHLH ± ZIP) transcription factor, plays critical roles in proliferation, dierentiation, transformation, and apoptosis (Henriksson and LuÈscher, 1996; Facchini and Penn, 1998; Nesbit et al., 1999). c-Myc is highly expressed during proliferation, in contrast to the low levels associated with cellula ...
Cell Cycle Control in Arabidopsis
... of organism. Plants have unique developmental features that distinguish them from other eukaryotes. These include the absence of cell migration, the formation of organs throughout the entire life-span from specialized regions called meristems, and the potency of non-dividing cells to re-enter the ce ...
... of organism. Plants have unique developmental features that distinguish them from other eukaryotes. These include the absence of cell migration, the formation of organs throughout the entire life-span from specialized regions called meristems, and the potency of non-dividing cells to re-enter the ce ...
the Golgi Apparatus as the central station of the
... 2.2. Endocytosis by pinocytosis. This allows the entry of macromolecules and fluids, which renews the plasma membrane every 30-60 min. 2.3. Endocytosis by caveolae. This mechanism uses vesicles that carry mainly caveolin and capture small hydrophobic molecules such as cholesterol and folic acid. Cav ...
... 2.2. Endocytosis by pinocytosis. This allows the entry of macromolecules and fluids, which renews the plasma membrane every 30-60 min. 2.3. Endocytosis by caveolae. This mechanism uses vesicles that carry mainly caveolin and capture small hydrophobic molecules such as cholesterol and folic acid. Cav ...
ACELL Mar. 45/3 - AJP-Cell
... 2Department of Pathology, Institute of Nephrology, and 11st Department of Surgery, Niigata University School of Medicine, 1–757 Asahimachi-dori, Niigata 951–8510, Japan ...
... 2Department of Pathology, Institute of Nephrology, and 11st Department of Surgery, Niigata University School of Medicine, 1–757 Asahimachi-dori, Niigata 951–8510, Japan ...
Prm1p, a Pheromone-regulated Multispanning Membrane Protein
... between sperm and egg during fertilization, during development in syncytial tissues such as muscle where myoblast precursor cells fuse into a long tube that will differentiate into a muscle fiber, and in processes such as phagocytic engulfment of cells or debris by macrophages where widely separated ...
... between sperm and egg during fertilization, during development in syncytial tissues such as muscle where myoblast precursor cells fuse into a long tube that will differentiate into a muscle fiber, and in processes such as phagocytic engulfment of cells or debris by macrophages where widely separated ...
Fast lysis of Escherichia coli filament cells requires
... biosynthetic complexes leads to rapid murein degradation at the precise place that breaks apart under the turgor pressure of the cell. In the ftsI filaments, β-lactams also inhibit complexes involved in lateral wall synthesis. However, development of critical damage in these sites would be much slow ...
... biosynthetic complexes leads to rapid murein degradation at the precise place that breaks apart under the turgor pressure of the cell. In the ftsI filaments, β-lactams also inhibit complexes involved in lateral wall synthesis. However, development of critical damage in these sites would be much slow ...
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... and non-motile unicells that are presently classified in four clades (Leliaert et al., 2012) and are most commonly found in marine habitats. In photic zones of oceans, picoplanktonic prasinophytes (perhaps the smallest extant eukaryotes; 0.8 μm cell size), like Ostreococcus and Micromonas, exist in v ...
... and non-motile unicells that are presently classified in four clades (Leliaert et al., 2012) and are most commonly found in marine habitats. In photic zones of oceans, picoplanktonic prasinophytes (perhaps the smallest extant eukaryotes; 0.8 μm cell size), like Ostreococcus and Micromonas, exist in v ...
Multiple mediators of plant programmed cell death: interplay of
... Programmed cell death (PCD) is a process aimed at eliminating redundant or harmful cells during the life cycle of multicellular organisms. For example, PCD is responsible for the removal of excess cells in the developing nervous system, or is activated in defence against infected or mutated cells, p ...
... Programmed cell death (PCD) is a process aimed at eliminating redundant or harmful cells during the life cycle of multicellular organisms. For example, PCD is responsible for the removal of excess cells in the developing nervous system, or is activated in defence against infected or mutated cells, p ...
Endoplasmic Reticulum–Plasma Membrane - e-learning
... Inside eukaryotic cells, membrane contact sites (MCSs), regions where two membrane-bound organelles are apposed at less than 30 nm, generate regions of important lipid and calcium exchange. This review principally focuses on the structure and the function of MCSs between the endoplasmic reticulum (E ...
... Inside eukaryotic cells, membrane contact sites (MCSs), regions where two membrane-bound organelles are apposed at less than 30 nm, generate regions of important lipid and calcium exchange. This review principally focuses on the structure and the function of MCSs between the endoplasmic reticulum (E ...
Cytosol
![](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Crowded_cytosol.png?width=300)
The cytosol or intracellular fluid (ICF) or cytoplasmic matrix is the liquid found inside cells. It is separated into compartments by membranes. For example, the mitochondrial matrix separates the mitochondrion into many compartments.In the eukaryotic cell, the cytosol is within the cell membrane and is part of the cytoplasm, which also comprises the mitochondria, plastids, and other organelles (but not their internal fluids and structures); the cell nucleus is separate. In prokaryotes, most of the chemical reactions of metabolism take place in the cytosol, while a few take place in membranes or in the periplasmic space. In eukaryotes, while many metabolic pathways still occur in the cytosol, others are contained within organelles.The cytosol is a complex mixture of substances dissolved in water. Although water forms the large majority of the cytosol, its structure and properties within cells is not well understood. The concentrations of ions such as sodium and potassium are different in the cytosol than in the extracellular fluid; these differences in ion levels are important in processes such as osmoregulation, cell signaling, and the generation of action potentials in excitable cells such as endocrine, nerve and muscle cells. The cytosol also contains large amounts of macromolecules, which can alter how molecules behave, through macromolecular crowding.Although it was once thought to be a simple solution of molecules, the cytosol has multiple levels of organization. These include concentration gradients of small molecules such as calcium, large complexes of enzymes that act together to carry out metabolic pathways, and protein complexes such as proteasomes and carboxysomes that enclose and separate parts of the cytosol.