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ATP1A1-Mediated Src Signaling Inhibits Coronavirus Entry into Host
... 3-min incubation an excess of 5% FBS in PBS was added, and the supernatant was removed and replaced by growth medium. When pharmacological inhibitors were used, cells were either mock treated or treated with the different inhibitors for 30 min after a recovery period of 30 min at 37°C. MHV-␣N or VSV ...
... 3-min incubation an excess of 5% FBS in PBS was added, and the supernatant was removed and replaced by growth medium. When pharmacological inhibitors were used, cells were either mock treated or treated with the different inhibitors for 30 min after a recovery period of 30 min at 37°C. MHV-␣N or VSV ...
Supplemental Results
... synthesis through a mechanism that does not involve open complex stability. Complementary charge reversal substitutions that partially restore the interaction between the 70 NCR and the ' SNCRID Our screen for ' substitutions that suppressed the defect in early elongation pausing caused by 70 su ...
... synthesis through a mechanism that does not involve open complex stability. Complementary charge reversal substitutions that partially restore the interaction between the 70 NCR and the ' SNCRID Our screen for ' substitutions that suppressed the defect in early elongation pausing caused by 70 su ...
Group-specific effects on coastal bacterioplankton of
... have been shown to induce toxic effects on a variety of organisms, including copepods and phytoand bacterioplankton. However, the nature of and the players in this interaction remain poorly understood. We tested the effect of 3 PUAs commonly produced by marine diatoms — 2E, 4E/Z-heptadienal (HEPTA), ...
... have been shown to induce toxic effects on a variety of organisms, including copepods and phytoand bacterioplankton. However, the nature of and the players in this interaction remain poorly understood. We tested the effect of 3 PUAs commonly produced by marine diatoms — 2E, 4E/Z-heptadienal (HEPTA), ...
The acquisition of myelin: An evolutionary perspective
... of 300m/h. Therefore, for a human motoneuron, which axon can easily be 1m in length, it will take between 3 and 20 days for proteins trafficking using the fast moving vesicular cargoes. In contrast, for nutrients, such as glucose or lactate, transport from the neuronal cell body will take in the a ...
... of 300m/h. Therefore, for a human motoneuron, which axon can easily be 1m in length, it will take between 3 and 20 days for proteins trafficking using the fast moving vesicular cargoes. In contrast, for nutrients, such as glucose or lactate, transport from the neuronal cell body will take in the a ...
WOX4 Promotes Procambial Development1[W][OA]
... (Donner et al., 2009). AtHB8 expression in the preprocambium is itself controlled by the auxin response factor MONOPTEROS (ARF5; Donner et al., 2009). Thus, specification of vascular fate in leaf primordia is dependent upon appropriate auxin transport, localization, and signaling, implicating auxin ...
... (Donner et al., 2009). AtHB8 expression in the preprocambium is itself controlled by the auxin response factor MONOPTEROS (ARF5; Donner et al., 2009). Thus, specification of vascular fate in leaf primordia is dependent upon appropriate auxin transport, localization, and signaling, implicating auxin ...
P-selectin anchors newly released ultralarge von
... with phosphate buffer (140 mM NaCl, 0.4 mM KCl, 1.3 mM NaH2PO4, 1.0 mM Na2HPO4, 0.2% glucose, pH 7.4), and then infused with a collagenase solution (0.02%; Invitrogen Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA). After 30 minutes of incubation at room temperature, the cords were rinsed with 100 mL phosphate buf ...
... with phosphate buffer (140 mM NaCl, 0.4 mM KCl, 1.3 mM NaH2PO4, 1.0 mM Na2HPO4, 0.2% glucose, pH 7.4), and then infused with a collagenase solution (0.02%; Invitrogen Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA). After 30 minutes of incubation at room temperature, the cords were rinsed with 100 mL phosphate buf ...
The Role of the Arabidopsis ELD1 Gene in Cell
... processes: division, growth, and differentiation. Changes in cell division and cell growth processes or their control affect the growth and differentiation of the entire plant. Plants with altered cell division and growth often display abnormal morphology and alterations in organogenesis and interna ...
... processes: division, growth, and differentiation. Changes in cell division and cell growth processes or their control affect the growth and differentiation of the entire plant. Plants with altered cell division and growth often display abnormal morphology and alterations in organogenesis and interna ...
SM-20, EGL-9, and the EGLN Family of Hypoxia
... expression is enhanced during differentiation initiated in vitro by serum reduction. Upregulation of SM-20 expression in myoblasts was prevented by the addition of differentiation-blocking growth factors such as basic fibroblast growth factor. Based on these and other results described below, a role ...
... expression is enhanced during differentiation initiated in vitro by serum reduction. Upregulation of SM-20 expression in myoblasts was prevented by the addition of differentiation-blocking growth factors such as basic fibroblast growth factor. Based on these and other results described below, a role ...
Analysis of 258 Different Lesions of the Central Nervous System for
... how far a tumor has spread and finally to remove the tumor. In neurosurgery, various techniques have been established to guide tumor resection such as fluorescence-guided surgery, intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), neuronavigation and ultrasonography. None of these techniques are able ...
... how far a tumor has spread and finally to remove the tumor. In neurosurgery, various techniques have been established to guide tumor resection such as fluorescence-guided surgery, intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), neuronavigation and ultrasonography. None of these techniques are able ...
Infection of Mesothelial Cells with Human Herpes Virus 8 in
... expressing either latent nuclear antigens or the viral homolog of human interleukin-6 (vIL-6), respectively (10, 11, 13–15). In primary effusion lymphoma, the malignant cells have been shown to be infected with HHV 8 in both the latent and lytic phases (16 –18). Circulating B cells, T cells, and mon ...
... expressing either latent nuclear antigens or the viral homolog of human interleukin-6 (vIL-6), respectively (10, 11, 13–15). In primary effusion lymphoma, the malignant cells have been shown to be infected with HHV 8 in both the latent and lytic phases (16 –18). Circulating B cells, T cells, and mon ...
Nodal mutant eXtraembryonic ENdoderm (XEN
... et al., 2010a). XEN cells can easily be isolated from both wild type and mutant mouse embryos. To accomplish this, 3.5 dpc blastocysts are grown in vitro for several days until they attach to feeder cells. At this point, outgrowths of trophoblast cells can be dissected away and the remaining cells d ...
... et al., 2010a). XEN cells can easily be isolated from both wild type and mutant mouse embryos. To accomplish this, 3.5 dpc blastocysts are grown in vitro for several days until they attach to feeder cells. At this point, outgrowths of trophoblast cells can be dissected away and the remaining cells d ...
Protein Synthesis within Dendrites: Glycosylation
... To identify dendritic processes, isolated neurites and cells in culture were immunostained for microtubule-associated protein-2 (MAP2). Cells were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde in PBS containing 0.12 M sucrose. After fixation, processes were permeabilized in 0.1 M morpholino-ethanesulfonic (MES) buff ...
... To identify dendritic processes, isolated neurites and cells in culture were immunostained for microtubule-associated protein-2 (MAP2). Cells were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde in PBS containing 0.12 M sucrose. After fixation, processes were permeabilized in 0.1 M morpholino-ethanesulfonic (MES) buff ...
Arabidopsis thaliana mitogen-activated protein kinase 6 is involved
... more and longer LRs than wild-type seedlings after application of a NO donor or H2O2 (Wang et al., 2010). However, the hormonal responses underlying these root alterations and the role of MPK6 in these processes are still unknown. Thus, independent data support the participation of MPK6 in both shoo ...
... more and longer LRs than wild-type seedlings after application of a NO donor or H2O2 (Wang et al., 2010). However, the hormonal responses underlying these root alterations and the role of MPK6 in these processes are still unknown. Thus, independent data support the participation of MPK6 in both shoo ...
The Human Arp2/3 Complex Is Composed of Evolutionarily
... were grown in DME-H16 medium with 10% FBS and 10% heat-inactivated chicken serum, penicillin, and streptomycin. Immunofluorescence experiments were carried out within 20 h of plating, which was shown by Cramer et al. (1997) to be optimal for observing rapidly locomoting cells. For immunofluorescence ...
... were grown in DME-H16 medium with 10% FBS and 10% heat-inactivated chicken serum, penicillin, and streptomycin. Immunofluorescence experiments were carried out within 20 h of plating, which was shown by Cramer et al. (1997) to be optimal for observing rapidly locomoting cells. For immunofluorescence ...
Chapter C1
... • All cells have cell membranes. The cell membrane is a protective barrier that encloses a cell. • The cell membrane is the outermost structure in cells that lack a cell wall. In cells that have a cell wall, the cell membrane lies just inside the cell wall. • The cell membrane contains proteins, lip ...
... • All cells have cell membranes. The cell membrane is a protective barrier that encloses a cell. • The cell membrane is the outermost structure in cells that lack a cell wall. In cells that have a cell wall, the cell membrane lies just inside the cell wall. • The cell membrane contains proteins, lip ...
biology - Textbooks Online
... forms of plants. Thus the existence of different forms of a species or genus and diverse adaptations for, varied surroundings are referred to as “biodiversity”. The survival of such a vast range of living beings could be ensured only when their habitats and environmental conditions remain without al ...
... forms of plants. Thus the existence of different forms of a species or genus and diverse adaptations for, varied surroundings are referred to as “biodiversity”. The survival of such a vast range of living beings could be ensured only when their habitats and environmental conditions remain without al ...
Effect of membrane composition on temperature activation of TRPV1
... the aqueous phase [1, 14]. The cell membrane also contains proteins, which may be integrated with the lipid bilayer or may simply be associated with cell membrane. The phospholipid bilayer forms a particularly effective barrier to charged molecules [1, 14]. So the membrane and the intracellular and ...
... the aqueous phase [1, 14]. The cell membrane also contains proteins, which may be integrated with the lipid bilayer or may simply be associated with cell membrane. The phospholipid bilayer forms a particularly effective barrier to charged molecules [1, 14]. So the membrane and the intracellular and ...
Ultrastructural Observations on Lumbar Spinal Cord
... neural arch of the vertebrae, also a scarring connective tissue filled up the vertebral canal around the bridge tissue, and contacting the glial bridge tissue. The study of cross-sections at 29 days post-lesion (Figure 2), and 36 and 45 days post-lesion showed similar features of the injured stumps ...
... neural arch of the vertebrae, also a scarring connective tissue filled up the vertebral canal around the bridge tissue, and contacting the glial bridge tissue. The study of cross-sections at 29 days post-lesion (Figure 2), and 36 and 45 days post-lesion showed similar features of the injured stumps ...
mycorrhizae - TeacherWeb
... growth hormone that stimulates roots to grow and branch. The fungus also produces antibiotics that help protect the plant from disease. ...
... growth hormone that stimulates roots to grow and branch. The fungus also produces antibiotics that help protect the plant from disease. ...
5 | structure and function of plasma membranes
... interaction with its environment (see Table 5.1 for a summary). Cells exclude some substances, take in others, and excrete still others, all in controlled quantities. The plasma membrane must be very flexible to allow certain cells, such as red blood cells and white blood cells, to change shape as t ...
... interaction with its environment (see Table 5.1 for a summary). Cells exclude some substances, take in others, and excrete still others, all in controlled quantities. The plasma membrane must be very flexible to allow certain cells, such as red blood cells and white blood cells, to change shape as t ...
Annals of Microbiology
... by TEM after PA-TCH-SP staining (Fig. 3D) showed electrondense exudate outside the root hair wall and bacteria grouped within the curled root hair tip. Furthermore, each bacterium was surrounded by a thick electrontransparent envelope. These features suggest that immediately after their penetration ...
... by TEM after PA-TCH-SP staining (Fig. 3D) showed electrondense exudate outside the root hair wall and bacteria grouped within the curled root hair tip. Furthermore, each bacterium was surrounded by a thick electrontransparent envelope. These features suggest that immediately after their penetration ...
AUTOPHAGIC VACUOLES PRODUCED IN VITRO
... macrophages. Arrows show period of chloroquine exposure. acting, at least in part, by stimulating pinocytic activity of the cells. As is shown in Fig. 1, macrophage pseudopods contained somewhat increased numbers of pinocytic vesicles 15 min after exposure to chloroquine, but by 30 min the pinosome ...
... macrophages. Arrows show period of chloroquine exposure. acting, at least in part, by stimulating pinocytic activity of the cells. As is shown in Fig. 1, macrophage pseudopods contained somewhat increased numbers of pinocytic vesicles 15 min after exposure to chloroquine, but by 30 min the pinosome ...
In vivo assays to study histone ubiquitylation
... such as chromatin remodeling factors, transcription factors, and repair and replication factors to specific chromosomal domains [39]. The notion that ubiquitylated histones serve as a mark to direct the localization of specific factors to chromatin is supported by recent studies showing that yeast uH2 ...
... such as chromatin remodeling factors, transcription factors, and repair and replication factors to specific chromosomal domains [39]. The notion that ubiquitylated histones serve as a mark to direct the localization of specific factors to chromatin is supported by recent studies showing that yeast uH2 ...
A genome-wide resource of cell cycle and cell shape genes of
... therefore focused on identifying all genes with this phenotype when deleted, to determine the majority of genes required for progression through interphase or cytokinesis in fission yeast. Genes important for the generation of cell shape are also easily identified, because mutants deleted for these ...
... therefore focused on identifying all genes with this phenotype when deleted, to determine the majority of genes required for progression through interphase or cytokinesis in fission yeast. Genes important for the generation of cell shape are also easily identified, because mutants deleted for these ...
Cell culture
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Cell_Culture_in_a_tiny_Petri_dish.jpg?width=300)
Cell culture is the process by which cells are grown under controlled conditions, generally outside of their natural environment. In practice, the term ""cell culture"" now refers to the culturing of cells derived from multicellular eukaryotes, especially animal cells, in contrast with other types of culture that also grow cells, such as plant tissue culture, fungal culture, and microbiological culture (of microbes). The historical development and methods of cell culture are closely interrelated to those of tissue culture and organ culture. Viral culture is also related, with cells as hosts for the viruses. The laboratory technique of maintaining live cell lines (a population of cells descended from a single cell and containing the same genetic makeup) separated from their original tissue source became more robust in the middle 20th century.