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The actin cytoskeleton is a target of the self
... prior to the formation of punctate foci of actin at the cell cortex. Although the SI response can be reproduced in pollen tubes that have been grown for several hours, this is not what generally happens in vivo, where inhibition normally occurs in pollen grains, either before or soon after germinati ...
... prior to the formation of punctate foci of actin at the cell cortex. Although the SI response can be reproduced in pollen tubes that have been grown for several hours, this is not what generally happens in vivo, where inhibition normally occurs in pollen grains, either before or soon after germinati ...
Dynamics of a=Tubulin Deacetylation in Intact Neurons
... acetylated subunitsand turns over with a t,,>= 5-l 0 hr, whereas the other population turns over with a t, - 2 hr. Materials and Methods Cell culture. Rat sympatheticneuronsweredissociated from superior ...
... acetylated subunitsand turns over with a t,,>= 5-l 0 hr, whereas the other population turns over with a t, - 2 hr. Materials and Methods Cell culture. Rat sympatheticneuronsweredissociated from superior ...
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... sites might play a role in the sorting and stability of P-gp in the plasma membrane (Schinkel et al., 1993). To elucidate the biochemical role of glycosylation in the generation of the MDR phenotype, and to produce a large amount of unglycosylated protein for structural studies, glycosylation-defici ...
... sites might play a role in the sorting and stability of P-gp in the plasma membrane (Schinkel et al., 1993). To elucidate the biochemical role of glycosylation in the generation of the MDR phenotype, and to produce a large amount of unglycosylated protein for structural studies, glycosylation-defici ...
Endoplasmic Reticulum Export Sites and Golgi Bodies Behave as
... characterized. A widely accepted model for ER-to-Golgi transport is based on the sequential action of COPII and COPI coat complexes. The COPII complex assembles by the ordered recruitment of cytosolic components on the ER membrane. Here, we have visualized two early components of the COPII machinery ...
... characterized. A widely accepted model for ER-to-Golgi transport is based on the sequential action of COPII and COPI coat complexes. The COPII complex assembles by the ordered recruitment of cytosolic components on the ER membrane. Here, we have visualized two early components of the COPII machinery ...
Modes of anaerobic respiration catalysed by
... In the current work, electron acceptors for respiration of Dehalococcoidia were investigated with the model organism Dehalococcoides mccartyi strain CBDB1 to gain insight into which properties of halogenated compounds are required to serve as electron acceptor of Dehalococcoidia and might in part ex ...
... In the current work, electron acceptors for respiration of Dehalococcoidia were investigated with the model organism Dehalococcoides mccartyi strain CBDB1 to gain insight into which properties of halogenated compounds are required to serve as electron acceptor of Dehalococcoidia and might in part ex ...
Activation of ryanodine receptors induces calcium influx in a
... bromide. Reverse transcription of 2 µg of total RNA was performed in 20 µl reaction volumes containing 4 units of Omniscript reverse transcriptase (Qiagen), 10 units of RNase inhibitor, 1 × buffer RT and 1 µM random primers (Invitrogen) for 60 min at 37 ◦C. For each 100 µl of PCR mixture, 5 µl of th ...
... bromide. Reverse transcription of 2 µg of total RNA was performed in 20 µl reaction volumes containing 4 units of Omniscript reverse transcriptase (Qiagen), 10 units of RNase inhibitor, 1 × buffer RT and 1 µM random primers (Invitrogen) for 60 min at 37 ◦C. For each 100 µl of PCR mixture, 5 µl of th ...
Early developmental specification of the thyroid gland depends on
... converging halves of the aLPM fail to fuse (Alexander and Stainier, ...
... converging halves of the aLPM fail to fuse (Alexander and Stainier, ...
Physical and functional link of the leukemia
... BOSC23 cells were cotransfected with HA-tagged AML1b and together either with control vector (mock) or FLAG-tagged PML isoforms (I-VI). The expression of AML1 in the lysates of transfectants was detected by immunoblotting using anti-HA (3F10) antibody (top). The lysates of transfectants were immunop ...
... BOSC23 cells were cotransfected with HA-tagged AML1b and together either with control vector (mock) or FLAG-tagged PML isoforms (I-VI). The expression of AML1 in the lysates of transfectants was detected by immunoblotting using anti-HA (3F10) antibody (top). The lysates of transfectants were immunop ...
Making a Connection: Direct Binding between
... DPI tail obliterates the interaction, at least in simple epithelial cells, the 68-residue COOH terminus on its own is not sufficient for the association (Stappenbeck and Green, 1993). Even less is known about the IF sequences involved in this interaction, and efforts to identify a direct association ...
... DPI tail obliterates the interaction, at least in simple epithelial cells, the 68-residue COOH terminus on its own is not sufficient for the association (Stappenbeck and Green, 1993). Even less is known about the IF sequences involved in this interaction, and efforts to identify a direct association ...
Apical-basal patterning in Arabidopsis - Development
... 2a,d). bdl post-embryonic root primordia were organised like wild-type lateral root primordia (Fig. 2b,e; cf. Malamy and Benfey, 1997) and eventually produced a root meristem at the distal tip (Fig. 2c,f). Thus, the bdl mutation only interfered with root formation in the context of embryogenesis. To ...
... 2a,d). bdl post-embryonic root primordia were organised like wild-type lateral root primordia (Fig. 2b,e; cf. Malamy and Benfey, 1997) and eventually produced a root meristem at the distal tip (Fig. 2c,f). Thus, the bdl mutation only interfered with root formation in the context of embryogenesis. To ...
ELM1 is required for multidrug resistance in
... during mitosis when PDR5 transcription peaks. A genetic screen performed to identify regulators of multidrug resistance revealed that a truncation mutation in ELM1 (elm1-300) suppressed the multidrug resistance of pdr1-3. ELM1 encodes a serine/threonine protein kinase required for proper regulation ...
... during mitosis when PDR5 transcription peaks. A genetic screen performed to identify regulators of multidrug resistance revealed that a truncation mutation in ELM1 (elm1-300) suppressed the multidrug resistance of pdr1-3. ELM1 encodes a serine/threonine protein kinase required for proper regulation ...
Ions and Pollen Tube Growth
... the intracellular distribution of H+ reveal that pollen tubes possess a unique intracellular pH gradient (Feijó et al. 1999). However, because of the much greater mobility of H+ when compared to that of Ca2+ , it has been difficult to observe these pH gradients (Fricker et al. 1997; Parton et al. 199 ...
... the intracellular distribution of H+ reveal that pollen tubes possess a unique intracellular pH gradient (Feijó et al. 1999). However, because of the much greater mobility of H+ when compared to that of Ca2+ , it has been difficult to observe these pH gradients (Fricker et al. 1997; Parton et al. 199 ...
Par3/Baz levels control epithelial folding at actomyosin
... generated ectopic parasegment boundaries by expressing wingless in the whole epithelium (armGal4/UAS-wg, hereafter arm>wg) (Sanson et al., 1999; Larsen et al., 2008). In these embryos, Engrailed expression expands posteriorly to fill its competence domain and an ectopic boundary forms at the posteri ...
... generated ectopic parasegment boundaries by expressing wingless in the whole epithelium (armGal4/UAS-wg, hereafter arm>wg) (Sanson et al., 1999; Larsen et al., 2008). In these embryos, Engrailed expression expands posteriorly to fill its competence domain and an ectopic boundary forms at the posteri ...
Making an Effort to Listen: Mechanical Amplification in the Ear
... the same way. Each of these epithelial cells is surmounted by a hair bundle, an erect cluster of 20–300 cylindrical processes called stereocilia (Figure 1A–C). Because the stereocilia grow systematically in length along the hair bundle, the top surface of the bundle is beveled like the tip of a hypo ...
... the same way. Each of these epithelial cells is surmounted by a hair bundle, an erect cluster of 20–300 cylindrical processes called stereocilia (Figure 1A–C). Because the stereocilia grow systematically in length along the hair bundle, the top surface of the bundle is beveled like the tip of a hypo ...
A bi-functional siRNA construct induces RNA
... complementary RNAs were incubated in annealing buffer (20 mM Tris–HCl, pH 7.5, 10 mM MgCl and 50 mM NaCl) for 1 min at 90 C followed by 1 h at 37 C. For transfection the SiHa and HCT116 cells were trypsinized and subbed into 6-well plates (10 cm2) without antibiotics, 1.5 · 105 cells per well. Aft ...
... complementary RNAs were incubated in annealing buffer (20 mM Tris–HCl, pH 7.5, 10 mM MgCl and 50 mM NaCl) for 1 min at 90 C followed by 1 h at 37 C. For transfection the SiHa and HCT116 cells were trypsinized and subbed into 6-well plates (10 cm2) without antibiotics, 1.5 · 105 cells per well. Aft ...
Polyethyleneimine is an effective permeabilizer of Gram
... bacterial cells, especially if the cultures had been centrifuged with refrigeration. Suspensions of P . aeruginosa were particularly prone to precipitation, and for this reason P . aeruginosa could not be tested with PEI concentrations higher than 20 pg ml-'. The well-known permeabilizer EDTA, which ...
... bacterial cells, especially if the cultures had been centrifuged with refrigeration. Suspensions of P . aeruginosa were particularly prone to precipitation, and for this reason P . aeruginosa could not be tested with PEI concentrations higher than 20 pg ml-'. The well-known permeabilizer EDTA, which ...
Interaction of PIN and PGP transport mechanisms in auxin
... influences cellular behaviour in BY-2 cells, we examined the growth and morphology of DEX-treated and untreated cells in these lines. After induction of PIN7 or PGP19-HA expression, identical phenotypical changes occurred: cells ceased to divide, started to elongate, and formed and accumulated starc ...
... influences cellular behaviour in BY-2 cells, we examined the growth and morphology of DEX-treated and untreated cells in these lines. After induction of PIN7 or PGP19-HA expression, identical phenotypical changes occurred: cells ceased to divide, started to elongate, and formed and accumulated starc ...
Autophagy and pancreatitis
... pH, and other factors. Because the properties and functions of autophagosomes and autolysosomes are so different, it is important to discriminate between these two types of autophagic organelles (Table 1). Autophagy impairment. It has become clear that a wide variety of diseases are associated with ...
... pH, and other factors. Because the properties and functions of autophagosomes and autolysosomes are so different, it is important to discriminate between these two types of autophagic organelles (Table 1). Autophagy impairment. It has become clear that a wide variety of diseases are associated with ...
Maltose uptake and its regulation in Bacillus subtilis
... glucose and maltose. In the absence of a high-energy phosphate donor, there was no detectable phosphorylation of either sugar. In the case of glucose, both ATP- and PEP-stimulated phosphorylation, demonstrating the presence of both kinase and PTS activity, respectively, for this substrate (Fig. IA). ...
... glucose and maltose. In the absence of a high-energy phosphate donor, there was no detectable phosphorylation of either sugar. In the case of glucose, both ATP- and PEP-stimulated phosphorylation, demonstrating the presence of both kinase and PTS activity, respectively, for this substrate (Fig. IA). ...
What`s the Difference? Efficient Set Reconciliation without
... avoided using a hash table, this requires further overhead. Third, a log has to be maintained for every other user this user may wish to synchronize with. Further, two users A and B may have received the same update from a third user C, leading to redundant communication. Multi-party synchronization ...
... avoided using a hash table, this requires further overhead. Third, a log has to be maintained for every other user this user may wish to synchronize with. Further, two users A and B may have received the same update from a third user C, leading to redundant communication. Multi-party synchronization ...
Pax1/Pax9 and vertebral column development
... less severe, phenotype was detectable in the vertebral column of Pax1−/−; Pax9+/− mutants. In these mice, an irregular, cartilaginous rod that is interrupted by ventral extensions of the neural arches replaces the vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs of the lumbar region (Fig. 1H). These result ...
... less severe, phenotype was detectable in the vertebral column of Pax1−/−; Pax9+/− mutants. In these mice, an irregular, cartilaginous rod that is interrupted by ventral extensions of the neural arches replaces the vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs of the lumbar region (Fig. 1H). These result ...
Species-Specific Activity of SIV Nef and HIV-1 Vpu
... SIV Nef counteracts restriction by rhesus tetherin Deletion mutants of SIV were tested for particle release in cells expressing tetherin to identify the viral gene product(s) that oppose this restriction factor. Wild-type and vpu-deleted strains of HIV-1 were also tested as controls. These assays we ...
... SIV Nef counteracts restriction by rhesus tetherin Deletion mutants of SIV were tested for particle release in cells expressing tetherin to identify the viral gene product(s) that oppose this restriction factor. Wild-type and vpu-deleted strains of HIV-1 were also tested as controls. These assays we ...
Actin-Dependent and -Independent Functions of
... actin cytoskeleton. Arabidopsis trichome mutants of the distorted (dis) class have provided a useful system to study actin-dependent cell morphogenesis (Mathur, 2005; Szymanski, 2005). DIS1, for example, encodes an actin-related protein (ARP3) and genetic, cell biological, and biochemical data sugge ...
... actin cytoskeleton. Arabidopsis trichome mutants of the distorted (dis) class have provided a useful system to study actin-dependent cell morphogenesis (Mathur, 2005; Szymanski, 2005). DIS1, for example, encodes an actin-related protein (ARP3) and genetic, cell biological, and biochemical data sugge ...
Biology I End-of-Course
... A. The procedure for DNA fingerprinting is an accurate series of simple techniques. This answer is not correct. How simple or complex the technique is does not indicate whether this procedure is a reliable way to identify individuals. B. The probability of two people having similar DNA fingerprints ...
... A. The procedure for DNA fingerprinting is an accurate series of simple techniques. This answer is not correct. How simple or complex the technique is does not indicate whether this procedure is a reliable way to identify individuals. B. The probability of two people having similar DNA fingerprints ...
Cell culture
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Cell_Culture_in_a_tiny_Petri_dish.jpg?width=300)
Cell culture is the process by which cells are grown under controlled conditions, generally outside of their natural environment. In practice, the term ""cell culture"" now refers to the culturing of cells derived from multicellular eukaryotes, especially animal cells, in contrast with other types of culture that also grow cells, such as plant tissue culture, fungal culture, and microbiological culture (of microbes). The historical development and methods of cell culture are closely interrelated to those of tissue culture and organ culture. Viral culture is also related, with cells as hosts for the viruses. The laboratory technique of maintaining live cell lines (a population of cells descended from a single cell and containing the same genetic makeup) separated from their original tissue source became more robust in the middle 20th century.