The beneficial role of proteolysis in skeletal muscle growth and
... activation also appears reliant on autophagy, as it is thought to provide the necessary nutrients to meet the bioenergetics demands of satellite cells transitioning from quiescence to activation [109]. In addition to the basal requirement of autophagic flux to maintain muscle mass and muscle regener ...
... activation also appears reliant on autophagy, as it is thought to provide the necessary nutrients to meet the bioenergetics demands of satellite cells transitioning from quiescence to activation [109]. In addition to the basal requirement of autophagic flux to maintain muscle mass and muscle regener ...
Oscillations of the Snail Genes in the Presomitic Mesoderm
... pathway such as Lfng or Hes7 is perturbed by either gain or loss of function, somitogenesis is severely disrupted (Bessho et al., 2003; Dale et al., 2003; Serth et al., 2003). Nevertheless, even the most severe mouse and zebrafish NOTCH pathway mutants retain some degree of segmentation at the level ...
... pathway such as Lfng or Hes7 is perturbed by either gain or loss of function, somitogenesis is severely disrupted (Bessho et al., 2003; Dale et al., 2003; Serth et al., 2003). Nevertheless, even the most severe mouse and zebrafish NOTCH pathway mutants retain some degree of segmentation at the level ...
Hydrogen peroxide-induced changes in intracellular pH of
... treatment (Fig 4), and this implies that H2O2 possibly activates plasma membrane H+-ATPase, which will cause a more acidification of cell wall. In plant cells, plasma membrane H+-ATPase is primarily responsible for generating membrane potential [28,29]. Therefore, changes in membrane potential may c ...
... treatment (Fig 4), and this implies that H2O2 possibly activates plasma membrane H+-ATPase, which will cause a more acidification of cell wall. In plant cells, plasma membrane H+-ATPase is primarily responsible for generating membrane potential [28,29]. Therefore, changes in membrane potential may c ...
Bacterial Signals and Antagonists: The Interaction Between Bacteria
... signalling systems, one of which produces and responds to the AHL, HBHL, while the second system responds to an as yet unidentified chemical cue. In addition, the response regulator, LuxN, that binds HBHL is not a homologue of the V. fischeri LuxR, but rather is the membrane bound component of a two ...
... signalling systems, one of which produces and responds to the AHL, HBHL, while the second system responds to an as yet unidentified chemical cue. In addition, the response regulator, LuxN, that binds HBHL is not a homologue of the V. fischeri LuxR, but rather is the membrane bound component of a two ...
an enzyme-coupled biosensor enables (S)
... an excellent high-throughput assay28. Changes in betaxanthin fluorescence were also readily detectable at the single-cell level via flow cytometry (Fig. 1d). Using this detection technique, we achieved ...
... an excellent high-throughput assay28. Changes in betaxanthin fluorescence were also readily detectable at the single-cell level via flow cytometry (Fig. 1d). Using this detection technique, we achieved ...
Monitoring the Disassembly of Virus
... conditions (see SI) allowed the production of Qβ-Lys16Tfm (“Qβ-F”) with ∼85% F-incorporation (Figure 1b), a level consistent with prior levels in other proteins;29 Met competes well with Tfm for the methionyl-tRNA synthetase (MetRS)32 and even after exhaustive Met depletion 15% is incorporated. The ...
... conditions (see SI) allowed the production of Qβ-Lys16Tfm (“Qβ-F”) with ∼85% F-incorporation (Figure 1b), a level consistent with prior levels in other proteins;29 Met competes well with Tfm for the methionyl-tRNA synthetase (MetRS)32 and even after exhaustive Met depletion 15% is incorporated. The ...
separation of cell types from embryonic chicken and rat spinal cord
... defined at the cellular level and these include cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, growth, and death. A large body of information from experimental embryology suggests that specific interactions between cells, either by direct contact or via humoral factors, influence all of these featu ...
... defined at the cellular level and these include cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, growth, and death. A large body of information from experimental embryology suggests that specific interactions between cells, either by direct contact or via humoral factors, influence all of these featu ...
The impact of abiotic factors on cellulose synthesis
... and in non-stress physiological roles, such as stomatal regulation and seed dormancy (Finkelstein, 2013). Other signals are likely also to play a role in plant responses to abiotic factors, but these are less well characterized (Yoshida et al., 2014). At the cellular level, ABA signaling perception ...
... and in non-stress physiological roles, such as stomatal regulation and seed dormancy (Finkelstein, 2013). Other signals are likely also to play a role in plant responses to abiotic factors, but these are less well characterized (Yoshida et al., 2014). At the cellular level, ABA signaling perception ...
Cell Signaling during Cold, Drought, and Salt Stress
... 1998; Stevenson et al., 2000). IP3 levels increase in Arabidopsis plants under salt stress, and the time frame for the increase correlates with changes in cytosolic Ca 2 levels (DeWald et al., 2001). Transient increases in IP 3 levels were also observed in plant tissues or cultured cells during sal ...
... 1998; Stevenson et al., 2000). IP3 levels increase in Arabidopsis plants under salt stress, and the time frame for the increase correlates with changes in cytosolic Ca 2 levels (DeWald et al., 2001). Transient increases in IP 3 levels were also observed in plant tissues or cultured cells during sal ...
1. Describe the steps of the scientific method. 2. Define the terms
... Polar molecules like water have partially charged atoms at their ends Hydrogen bonds form when partial opposite charges in different molecules attract each other The partially positive hydrogens of one water molecule are attracted to the partially negative oxygen on another ...
... Polar molecules like water have partially charged atoms at their ends Hydrogen bonds form when partial opposite charges in different molecules attract each other The partially positive hydrogens of one water molecule are attracted to the partially negative oxygen on another ...
Functional Genomics of Tomato Interactions with Pseudomonas
... (opine production in tumors) of Agrobacterium tumefaciens, which suggests a direct role in the nutrition of the pathogen (159). AvrBs3 family members, which are widespread in pathogenic Xanthomonas spp., appear to be transcription factors (198). There is also evidence that Hrp-secreted factors (and ...
... (opine production in tumors) of Agrobacterium tumefaciens, which suggests a direct role in the nutrition of the pathogen (159). AvrBs3 family members, which are widespread in pathogenic Xanthomonas spp., appear to be transcription factors (198). There is also evidence that Hrp-secreted factors (and ...
Enzymology of Plasma Membranes of Insect Intestinal Cells`
... highly specialized for ion regulation and by saliva enzymes, in the foregut. The forethus are usually considered as being part gut contents are released in a controlled of an insect's excretory system (Ramsay, manner into the midgut where the vast 1958). Although Malpighian tubules are majority of e ...
... highly specialized for ion regulation and by saliva enzymes, in the foregut. The forethus are usually considered as being part gut contents are released in a controlled of an insect's excretory system (Ramsay, manner into the midgut where the vast 1958). Although Malpighian tubules are majority of e ...
FOXO1 Plays an Essential Role in Apoptosis of Retinal
... siRNA-B had a partial effect and scrambled siRNA was not able to decrease FOXO1 DNA-binding activity (Figure 3A). To further investigate the functional role of FOXO1 activity on TNF-α- or CML-collagen-induced apoptosis, we measured pericyte apoptosis in the presence of different siRNAs. In the absen ...
... siRNA-B had a partial effect and scrambled siRNA was not able to decrease FOXO1 DNA-binding activity (Figure 3A). To further investigate the functional role of FOXO1 activity on TNF-α- or CML-collagen-induced apoptosis, we measured pericyte apoptosis in the presence of different siRNAs. In the absen ...
Polar auxin transport and patterning
... Vein organization can be classified in several general patterns characteristic of a particular plant (Fig. 1A–D), suggesting that genetic input into the patterning system can be responsible for predictable gross changes in venation networks. However, close inspection reveals that there is considerab ...
... Vein organization can be classified in several general patterns characteristic of a particular plant (Fig. 1A–D), suggesting that genetic input into the patterning system can be responsible for predictable gross changes in venation networks. However, close inspection reveals that there is considerab ...
Pathology of Genetically Engineered Mouse
... trypsinogen gene (PRSS1R122H ). This mutation removes an autocleavage site in the trypsin protein, leading to increased ...
... trypsinogen gene (PRSS1R122H ). This mutation removes an autocleavage site in the trypsin protein, leading to increased ...
siRNA Screen Identifies Trafficking Host Factors that Modulate
... cells, alphaviruses rely on a repertoire of cellular host proteins, including trafficking factors that ...
... cells, alphaviruses rely on a repertoire of cellular host proteins, including trafficking factors that ...
Mitochondrial alternative oxidase acts to dampen the generation of
... cells (AS8) constitutively express an antisense construct of the nuclear gene Aox1, which encodes a tobacco AOX. As a result, these cells lack any detectable AOX protein, even when grown under P limitation (Parsons et al. 1999). Cells were grown on a rotary shaker (140 rpm and 28°C) and were subcult ...
... cells (AS8) constitutively express an antisense construct of the nuclear gene Aox1, which encodes a tobacco AOX. As a result, these cells lack any detectable AOX protein, even when grown under P limitation (Parsons et al. 1999). Cells were grown on a rotary shaker (140 rpm and 28°C) and were subcult ...
Biochemical control of xylan biosynthesis — which end is up?
... of a single gene (CSLA) is believed to be capable of using GDP-mannose and GDP-glucose to synthesize glucomannan, a polysaccharide composed of b-1,4-linked glucosyl and mannosyl residues [41]. In the case of mixed linkage b-glucan synthesis, it would be interesting to know whether the donor substrat ...
... of a single gene (CSLA) is believed to be capable of using GDP-mannose and GDP-glucose to synthesize glucomannan, a polysaccharide composed of b-1,4-linked glucosyl and mannosyl residues [41]. In the case of mixed linkage b-glucan synthesis, it would be interesting to know whether the donor substrat ...
Alamethicin permeabilizes the plasma membrane and mitochondria
... mitochondrial heterogeneity [10]. Due to dynamic changes in shape, mitochondria are not always short rods but extend into long tubular structures in response to low-oxygen tension in tobacco cell cultures [11] or when their division is impaired in Arabidopsis mutant plants [12]. Isolated organelles ...
... mitochondrial heterogeneity [10]. Due to dynamic changes in shape, mitochondria are not always short rods but extend into long tubular structures in response to low-oxygen tension in tobacco cell cultures [11] or when their division is impaired in Arabidopsis mutant plants [12]. Isolated organelles ...
In vivo single-RNA tracking shows that most tRNA diffuses freely in
... and mRNA tracking in live cells (6). Subsequent in vivo studies of mRNA dynamics relied on indirect tagging of mRNA with fluorescent proteins (FP) fused to the bacteriophage MS2 coat protein and its variants (PP7 system), or to the human U1A protein (7), which directly binds to specific RNA hairpin ...
... and mRNA tracking in live cells (6). Subsequent in vivo studies of mRNA dynamics relied on indirect tagging of mRNA with fluorescent proteins (FP) fused to the bacteriophage MS2 coat protein and its variants (PP7 system), or to the human U1A protein (7), which directly binds to specific RNA hairpin ...
SPI-1 encoded genes ofSalmonellaTyphimurium influence
... activity and enhance their survival in the host. Results: To test this ability in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, we infected porcine alveolar macrophages with wild-type Salmonella Typhimurium and its isogenic mutants devoid of two major pathogenicity islands, SPI-1 and SPI-2. The induction ...
... activity and enhance their survival in the host. Results: To test this ability in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, we infected porcine alveolar macrophages with wild-type Salmonella Typhimurium and its isogenic mutants devoid of two major pathogenicity islands, SPI-1 and SPI-2. The induction ...
Regulation of Tcell receptor signaling by the actin cytoskeleton and
... those zones would lead one to expect that loss of myosin II would enhance TCR signaling (35, 37). However, the studies that support a role for myosin II in TCR signal generation point to impaired signaling following reduction in myosin II activity (48–50). At present, these questions remain unresolv ...
... those zones would lead one to expect that loss of myosin II would enhance TCR signaling (35, 37). However, the studies that support a role for myosin II in TCR signal generation point to impaired signaling following reduction in myosin II activity (48–50). At present, these questions remain unresolv ...
- ORCA - Cardiff University
... 1991; Conradt, 2009; Chen et al., 2013). In various tissues other than the nervous system, programmed cell death is used to eliminate cells that are no longer needed, defective, or harmful to the function of the organism. However, there is strong evidence that the elimination of superfluous neurons ...
... 1991; Conradt, 2009; Chen et al., 2013). In various tissues other than the nervous system, programmed cell death is used to eliminate cells that are no longer needed, defective, or harmful to the function of the organism. However, there is strong evidence that the elimination of superfluous neurons ...
DETERMINANTS: What`s in a Name?
... 257). Induced defense is an active response that confers disease resistance by limiting the growth and development of the pathogen. It is commonly associated with the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), alterations in the host cell wall, accumulation of phytoalexins, expression of pathogene ...
... 257). Induced defense is an active response that confers disease resistance by limiting the growth and development of the pathogen. It is commonly associated with the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), alterations in the host cell wall, accumulation of phytoalexins, expression of pathogene ...
CD4 T cells that enter the draining lymph nodes after antigen
... Because naive T lymphocytes migrate randomly through all secondary lymphoid organs (10, 11), this creates a situation in which antigen-specific T cells that happen to reside in the antigen-draining lymph node at the time of antigen exposure will be activated immediately, whereas others that enter th ...
... Because naive T lymphocytes migrate randomly through all secondary lymphoid organs (10, 11), this creates a situation in which antigen-specific T cells that happen to reside in the antigen-draining lymph node at the time of antigen exposure will be activated immediately, whereas others that enter th ...