The Arabidopsis Exocyst Complex Is Involved in Cytokinesis and
... genotyping to be homozygous for their respective T-DNA insertions. No full-length EXO84b transcript was detected in either of the lines by RT-PCR (Figure 2C). The phenotypic defect of the exo84b-2 homozygous plants was more severe than that of exo84b-1 homozygotes; we speculated that the exo84b-1 al ...
... genotyping to be homozygous for their respective T-DNA insertions. No full-length EXO84b transcript was detected in either of the lines by RT-PCR (Figure 2C). The phenotypic defect of the exo84b-2 homozygous plants was more severe than that of exo84b-1 homozygotes; we speculated that the exo84b-1 al ...
牂楡獮整m
... which is located in the dorsolateral portion of the pons (in a position analogous to that of the posterior column nuclei in the medulla). The axons of the second neurons cross the midline and ascend in the contralateral medial lemniscus to the ventral posteromedial nucleus of the thalamus (VPL). Th ...
... which is located in the dorsolateral portion of the pons (in a position analogous to that of the posterior column nuclei in the medulla). The axons of the second neurons cross the midline and ascend in the contralateral medial lemniscus to the ventral posteromedial nucleus of the thalamus (VPL). Th ...
Not Every Disulfide Lasts Forever: Disulfide Bond
... thus, their distribution within the cell is quite uneven. Disulfide bond formation is rather rare within the reducing environment of the cytosol. In contrast, oxidation of cysteines to disulfide bonds is favored in compartments with an oxidizing environment, such as the periplasm in procaryotes or t ...
... thus, their distribution within the cell is quite uneven. Disulfide bond formation is rather rare within the reducing environment of the cytosol. In contrast, oxidation of cysteines to disulfide bonds is favored in compartments with an oxidizing environment, such as the periplasm in procaryotes or t ...
UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) Mitochondria in neutrophil
... their apoptosis. Most prominent amongst these proteins in neutrophils are Mcl-1 and Bfl-1. The main function of Mcl-1 in neutrophils seems to be inhibition of Bax translocation 5, but this thesis has demonstrated that the role of Bfl-1 in the apoptotic process is far from obvious. The function of Ba ...
... their apoptosis. Most prominent amongst these proteins in neutrophils are Mcl-1 and Bfl-1. The main function of Mcl-1 in neutrophils seems to be inhibition of Bax translocation 5, but this thesis has demonstrated that the role of Bfl-1 in the apoptotic process is far from obvious. The function of Ba ...
The early evolution of lipid membranes and the three domains of life
... formation78,79. The possibility of incorporating the building blocks of replicating genetic polymers inside such vesicles has converted these vesicles into an attractive and tractable model for synthetic-biology experiments and protocell formation in vitro13,67. This avenue of research is progressin ...
... formation78,79. The possibility of incorporating the building blocks of replicating genetic polymers inside such vesicles has converted these vesicles into an attractive and tractable model for synthetic-biology experiments and protocell formation in vitro13,67. This avenue of research is progressin ...
Human Dcp2: a catalytically active mRNA decapping enzyme
... clone encoding human Dcp2 (hDcp2) was recovered by RACE. This allowed the reconstruction of a clone encoding a full-length hDcp2 protein while the ®rst ®ve nucleotides of the cDNA encoding hDcp1 were similarly reintroduced by PCR (Materials and methods). Analysis of the full-length cDNA thus obtaine ...
... clone encoding human Dcp2 (hDcp2) was recovered by RACE. This allowed the reconstruction of a clone encoding a full-length hDcp2 protein while the ®rst ®ve nucleotides of the cDNA encoding hDcp1 were similarly reintroduced by PCR (Materials and methods). Analysis of the full-length cDNA thus obtaine ...
Plant Molecular Biology
... 1 and 2B). A very low percentage (less than 2%) of structure-less ghosts and cellular debris that are typical for necrotic cell death were also observed after 24 h DEX treatment (data not shown). However, even after 36 or 48 h treatment, the majority of cells belonged to categories x, y and z (Figur ...
... 1 and 2B). A very low percentage (less than 2%) of structure-less ghosts and cellular debris that are typical for necrotic cell death were also observed after 24 h DEX treatment (data not shown). However, even after 36 or 48 h treatment, the majority of cells belonged to categories x, y and z (Figur ...
The Arabidopsis Exocyst Complex Is Involved in
... genotyping to be homozygous for their respective T-DNA insertions. No full-length EXO84b transcript was detected in either of the lines by RT-PCR (Figure 2C). The phenotypic defect of the exo84b-2 homozygous plants was more severe than that of exo84b-1 homozygotes; we speculated that the exo84b-1 al ...
... genotyping to be homozygous for their respective T-DNA insertions. No full-length EXO84b transcript was detected in either of the lines by RT-PCR (Figure 2C). The phenotypic defect of the exo84b-2 homozygous plants was more severe than that of exo84b-1 homozygotes; we speculated that the exo84b-1 al ...
Asymmetric Cell Divisions: Zygotes of Fucoid Algae as a
... Kropf 1993), and the zygote secretes a cell wall (Quatrano 1982) and an adhesive that attaches it firmly to the rock (Hable and Kropf 1998). Once attached, the young zygote monitors its environment for positional information. Perceived environmental cues are integrated and used to specify a new growt ...
... Kropf 1993), and the zygote secretes a cell wall (Quatrano 1982) and an adhesive that attaches it firmly to the rock (Hable and Kropf 1998). Once attached, the young zygote monitors its environment for positional information. Perceived environmental cues are integrated and used to specify a new growt ...
Molecular regulation of the diatom cell cycle
... eukaryotic cell cycle control points represent the onset of DNA replication (the G1–S transition) and mitosis itself (the G2–M transition) (Buchanan et al., 2000). In addition, most organisms show during the mid-to-late G1 phase a commitment point (known as START in yeast, restriction point in anima ...
... eukaryotic cell cycle control points represent the onset of DNA replication (the G1–S transition) and mitosis itself (the G2–M transition) (Buchanan et al., 2000). In addition, most organisms show during the mid-to-late G1 phase a commitment point (known as START in yeast, restriction point in anima ...
PDF
... Salamatina, 1967). The assumptions made mainly concern liver tissue, but their extrapolation at least to tissues with the same type of growth and distribution of mitoses does not pose any important difficulties. To test these ideas nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions of liver homogenates of adult hens ...
... Salamatina, 1967). The assumptions made mainly concern liver tissue, but their extrapolation at least to tissues with the same type of growth and distribution of mitoses does not pose any important difficulties. To test these ideas nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions of liver homogenates of adult hens ...
Digging for the roots of amoeboid motility
... Even deeper insight can be obtained from phylogenetic studies of cell biological processes: It has become clear that suites of proteins involved in a particular structure or function are often maintained or lost in tandem. These observations can define the proteins involved in particular cellular fu ...
... Even deeper insight can be obtained from phylogenetic studies of cell biological processes: It has become clear that suites of proteins involved in a particular structure or function are often maintained or lost in tandem. These observations can define the proteins involved in particular cellular fu ...
The Arabidopsis Exocyst Complex Is Involved in Cytokinesis and
... genotyping to be homozygous for their respective T-DNA insertions. No full-length EXO84b transcript was detected in either of the lines by RT-PCR (Figure 2C). The phenotypic defect of the exo84b-2 homozygous plants was more severe than that of exo84b-1 homozygotes; we speculated that the exo84b-1 al ...
... genotyping to be homozygous for their respective T-DNA insertions. No full-length EXO84b transcript was detected in either of the lines by RT-PCR (Figure 2C). The phenotypic defect of the exo84b-2 homozygous plants was more severe than that of exo84b-1 homozygotes; we speculated that the exo84b-1 al ...
Modification of intracellular membrane structures for virus
... that have a single-stranded RNA genome of positive polarity ((+)RNA viruses) are the best investigated. However, membrane-bound viral-cytoplasmic replication is not restricted to RNA viruses, as exemplified by poxviruses, which are large DNA viruses that replicate their DNA in the cytoplasm. The obs ...
... that have a single-stranded RNA genome of positive polarity ((+)RNA viruses) are the best investigated. However, membrane-bound viral-cytoplasmic replication is not restricted to RNA viruses, as exemplified by poxviruses, which are large DNA viruses that replicate their DNA in the cytoplasm. The obs ...
5. Parvoviral Host Range and Cell Entry Mechanisms.
... and the Amdoviruses, Bocaviruses, Dependoviruses, and Erythroviruses. While all genera contain viruses that can replicate independently of helper viruses (commonly described as ‘‘autonomously replicating’’ viruses), the Dependovirus genus is so called because it includes a large number of agents tha ...
... and the Amdoviruses, Bocaviruses, Dependoviruses, and Erythroviruses. While all genera contain viruses that can replicate independently of helper viruses (commonly described as ‘‘autonomously replicating’’ viruses), the Dependovirus genus is so called because it includes a large number of agents tha ...
Part 3 (Archaea - Updates Book)
... c) Korarcheota are only known from their DNA sequences—nothing more is known about them (they have only recently been discovered). b. Archaea differ in their chemical make-up from other lifeforms. 1) While archaea have many features that look similar to those found on other cells, these features are ...
... c) Korarcheota are only known from their DNA sequences—nothing more is known about them (they have only recently been discovered). b. Archaea differ in their chemical make-up from other lifeforms. 1) While archaea have many features that look similar to those found on other cells, these features are ...
Adherens Junctions, Desmosomes and Tight
... (SG; Figs. 2, 3) [30, 31]. In addition a large number of TJ proteins, including claudins (Cldns) and ZO-proteins which are known to be important for barrier function in simple epithelial cells, were found in this layer (Fig. 3) [32]. Interestingly, early ultrastructural electron dense tracer studies ...
... (SG; Figs. 2, 3) [30, 31]. In addition a large number of TJ proteins, including claudins (Cldns) and ZO-proteins which are known to be important for barrier function in simple epithelial cells, were found in this layer (Fig. 3) [32]. Interestingly, early ultrastructural electron dense tracer studies ...
Expansion of the phragmoplast during plant cytokinesis: a MAPK
... formation of multinucleate cells that contain incomplete disc-shaped cell plates. This mutant protein still localizes to the equator of the phragmoplast. The phragmoplast does not expand, however, in NPK1KW-overexpressing plants (Figure 1d). Thus, NPK1 regulates the expansion of both the cell plate ...
... formation of multinucleate cells that contain incomplete disc-shaped cell plates. This mutant protein still localizes to the equator of the phragmoplast. The phragmoplast does not expand, however, in NPK1KW-overexpressing plants (Figure 1d). Thus, NPK1 regulates the expansion of both the cell plate ...
structural responses of amoebae
... some vesicles outside the membrane-delimited spaces at 6 h, which suggests that not all the injected cytoplasm had been segregated from that of the host by this time after the operation. Thoria was not observed in large vacuoles identified as old food vacuoles on the basis of their size, polymorphou ...
... some vesicles outside the membrane-delimited spaces at 6 h, which suggests that not all the injected cytoplasm had been segregated from that of the host by this time after the operation. Thoria was not observed in large vacuoles identified as old food vacuoles on the basis of their size, polymorphou ...
a brief history Agrobacterium tumefaciens
... Crown gall is a name given to abnormal tumor-like growths often observed at the base of the trunk and roots of trees, grapevines, and woody plants. The nature of the cause of crown gall was unknown before 1897. Not referenced by many authors who worked on this disease was the published work of Fridi ...
... Crown gall is a name given to abnormal tumor-like growths often observed at the base of the trunk and roots of trees, grapevines, and woody plants. The nature of the cause of crown gall was unknown before 1897. Not referenced by many authors who worked on this disease was the published work of Fridi ...
Functional coupling of microtubules to membranes
... intracellular organelles. Despite our growing understanding of various organelle functions, many questions remain as to why cells are organized in the way they are. These include the reasons for maintaining a juxtanuclear Golgi network, a highly distributed but dynamic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or ...
... intracellular organelles. Despite our growing understanding of various organelle functions, many questions remain as to why cells are organized in the way they are. These include the reasons for maintaining a juxtanuclear Golgi network, a highly distributed but dynamic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or ...
Full Text
... ofthe purified prosomes revealed thattheir polypeptides are differentially synthesized at various stages during development. Among 12 polypeptides (p21 to p5G), p21 is synthesized at the beginning of gastrulation (stage 2) followed by the synthesis of p24 at stage 3. Nine other polypeptides Ip25 to ...
... ofthe purified prosomes revealed thattheir polypeptides are differentially synthesized at various stages during development. Among 12 polypeptides (p21 to p5G), p21 is synthesized at the beginning of gastrulation (stage 2) followed by the synthesis of p24 at stage 3. Nine other polypeptides Ip25 to ...
Cell nucleus
In cell biology, the nucleus (pl. nuclei; from Latin nucleus or nuculeus, meaning kernel) is a membrane-enclosed organelle found in eukaryotic cells. Eukaryotes usually have a single nucleus, but a few cell types have no nuclei, and a few others have many.Cell nuclei contain most of the cell's genetic material, organized as multiple long linear DNA molecules in complex with a large variety of proteins, such as histones, to form chromosomes. The genes within these chromosomes are the cell's nuclear genome. The function of the nucleus is to maintain the integrity of these genes and to control the activities of the cell by regulating gene expression—the nucleus is, therefore, the control center of the cell. The main structures making up the nucleus are the nuclear envelope, a double membrane that encloses the entire organelle and isolates its contents from the cellular cytoplasm, and the nucleoskeleton (which includes nuclear lamina), a network within the nucleus that adds mechanical support, much like the cytoskeleton, which supports the cell as a whole.Because the nuclear membrane is impermeable to large molecules, nuclear pores are required that regulate nuclear transport of molecules across the envelope. The pores cross both nuclear membranes, providing a channel through which larger molecules must be actively transported by carrier proteins while allowing free movement of small molecules and ions. Movement of large molecules such as proteins and RNA through the pores is required for both gene expression and the maintenance of chromosomes. The interior of the nucleus does not contain any membrane-bound sub compartments, its contents are not uniform, and a number of sub-nuclear bodies exist, made up of unique proteins, RNA molecules, and particular parts of the chromosomes. The best-known of these is the nucleolus, which is mainly involved in the assembly of ribosomes. After being produced in the nucleolus, ribosomes are exported to the cytoplasm where they translate mRNA.