the cell cycle in action - Oxford Academic
... process that is under the control of strict and often overlapping regulatory systems that aim to ensure the successful production of progeny cells. It is regulated through a number of different supervisory mechanisms, with phosphorylation and ubiquitin-dependent degradation of key regulatory protein ...
... process that is under the control of strict and often overlapping regulatory systems that aim to ensure the successful production of progeny cells. It is regulated through a number of different supervisory mechanisms, with phosphorylation and ubiquitin-dependent degradation of key regulatory protein ...
BASAL FOREBRAIN ORGANIZATION
... amygdaloid complex in the limbic lobe is also supported by developmental studies (Puelles, 2001). There is an important caveat in regard to the amygdale and the limbic lobe. In the past, the entire amygdala has been included in the concept of the limbic lobe for the simple reason that it is located ...
... amygdaloid complex in the limbic lobe is also supported by developmental studies (Puelles, 2001). There is an important caveat in regard to the amygdale and the limbic lobe. In the past, the entire amygdala has been included in the concept of the limbic lobe for the simple reason that it is located ...
Summary - Universität Tübingen
... and the outer nuclear membrane (ONM), which are fused at the sites where nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) incorporate. The ONM is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The INM is attached to the underlying lamina. INM-proteins interact with the chromatin and the lamina. Protein bridges betwee ...
... and the outer nuclear membrane (ONM), which are fused at the sites where nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) incorporate. The ONM is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The INM is attached to the underlying lamina. INM-proteins interact with the chromatin and the lamina. Protein bridges betwee ...
Chromatin Structure and DNA Replication: Implications for
... The local nucleoprotein complexes required to maintain a eukaryotic gene in an active or repressed state have been defined in some detail (Tjian and Maniatis 1994; Wolffe 1994a). Transcriptional activity for a given gene depends on a number of sequence-specific transcription factors (e.g., SPI), str ...
... The local nucleoprotein complexes required to maintain a eukaryotic gene in an active or repressed state have been defined in some detail (Tjian and Maniatis 1994; Wolffe 1994a). Transcriptional activity for a given gene depends on a number of sequence-specific transcription factors (e.g., SPI), str ...
Dr. Mustafa Neuroanatomy lecture (7) Mid brain The regions of the
... the following functions: a- Alternative pathway for corticospinal tract. b- Coordination of the movement through its connection with the cerebellum. 4- Ventral tegmental area of Tasi which is situated between the red nucleus and the substantia nigra. This Tasi area contains dopamine. Some studies we ...
... the following functions: a- Alternative pathway for corticospinal tract. b- Coordination of the movement through its connection with the cerebellum. 4- Ventral tegmental area of Tasi which is situated between the red nucleus and the substantia nigra. This Tasi area contains dopamine. Some studies we ...
Review Common Themes in Mechanisms of Gene Silencing
... that allow the expression of only the appropriate subset of genes in each cell type. Evidence from a number of experimental systems suggests that eukaryotic cells maintain or “remember” their gene expression programs, specified during embryonic development, through heritable modifications in the str ...
... that allow the expression of only the appropriate subset of genes in each cell type. Evidence from a number of experimental systems suggests that eukaryotic cells maintain or “remember” their gene expression programs, specified during embryonic development, through heritable modifications in the str ...
Structure and function of basement membranes
... molecules that could bind specifically to laminin or type IV collagen. The binding of growth factors to basement membranes has been shown most clearly for FGFs. In the future, it is expected that other growth factors will be found to bind to basement membranes. We became interested in studying the p ...
... molecules that could bind specifically to laminin or type IV collagen. The binding of growth factors to basement membranes has been shown most clearly for FGFs. In the future, it is expected that other growth factors will be found to bind to basement membranes. We became interested in studying the p ...
Safe corridors for brain stem surgery
... Schematic drawing illustrating the most common surgical approaches used for different areas of the brainstem. ...
... Schematic drawing illustrating the most common surgical approaches used for different areas of the brainstem. ...
MEMBRANE PROTEINS SYNTHESIZED BY
... the isolated enzyme forms stable interactions with high affinity for a limited number of sites on the cytoplasmic face of the membrane (21). Rabbit reticulocytes contain, with possibly one or two exceptions (22), the same proteins in their membranes as do rabbit erythrocytes. We recently showed that ...
... the isolated enzyme forms stable interactions with high affinity for a limited number of sites on the cytoplasmic face of the membrane (21). Rabbit reticulocytes contain, with possibly one or two exceptions (22), the same proteins in their membranes as do rabbit erythrocytes. We recently showed that ...
Interactions between plant endomembrane systems and the actin
... Membrane trafficking, organelle movement, and morphogenesis in plant cells are mainly controlled by the actin cytoskeleton. Not all proteins that regulate the cytoskeleton and membrane dynamics in animal systems have functional homologs in plants, especially for those proteins that form the bridge b ...
... Membrane trafficking, organelle movement, and morphogenesis in plant cells are mainly controlled by the actin cytoskeleton. Not all proteins that regulate the cytoskeleton and membrane dynamics in animal systems have functional homologs in plants, especially for those proteins that form the bridge b ...
Super-resolution microscopy of mitochondria
... Mitochondria contain their own genome (mtDNA), which is packaged into nucleoprotein complexes (nucleoids) located in the innermost mitochondrial compartment, the aqueous matrix [55,56]. The nucleoids are distributed throughout the mitochondrial network. In humans, the mtDNA encodes 13 proteins, whic ...
... Mitochondria contain their own genome (mtDNA), which is packaged into nucleoprotein complexes (nucleoids) located in the innermost mitochondrial compartment, the aqueous matrix [55,56]. The nucleoids are distributed throughout the mitochondrial network. In humans, the mtDNA encodes 13 proteins, whic ...
Converting nonsense codons into sense codons by targeted
... with the results of our in vitro analysis (Fig. 2B), only CUP1 mRNA isolated from cells expressing snR81-1C produced a spot corresponding to Y (Fig. 2C, compare panel c with panel d). Quantification indicated that approximately 5% of the cup1-PTC transcript was pseudouridylated. Thus, our in vivo ps ...
... with the results of our in vitro analysis (Fig. 2B), only CUP1 mRNA isolated from cells expressing snR81-1C produced a spot corresponding to Y (Fig. 2C, compare panel c with panel d). Quantification indicated that approximately 5% of the cup1-PTC transcript was pseudouridylated. Thus, our in vivo ps ...
Chromatin Regulators and Transcriptional Control of Drosophila
... carry the genetic information units, called genes. Genes are first transcribed into RNAs which subsequently deliver (translate) the genetic code to proteins, the fundamental performers of most functions in the cell. This is called the central dogma of molecular biology and is valid in most organisms ...
... carry the genetic information units, called genes. Genes are first transcribed into RNAs which subsequently deliver (translate) the genetic code to proteins, the fundamental performers of most functions in the cell. This is called the central dogma of molecular biology and is valid in most organisms ...
bacterial cell shape - Jacobs-Wagner Lab
... the case of a poured-concrete wall, its shape is determined by wooden formwork when the concrete is poured, but is maintained not by the formwork but by the cured concrete itself. Once hardened, the shape of the wall would be maintained even if the formwork were destroyed. What if, however, a struct ...
... the case of a poured-concrete wall, its shape is determined by wooden formwork when the concrete is poured, but is maintained not by the formwork but by the cured concrete itself. Once hardened, the shape of the wall would be maintained even if the formwork were destroyed. What if, however, a struct ...
Transcriptional and epigenetic control of gene expression in embryo
... mRNA is transported to the cytoplasm and translated by the ribosome into protein. Adding post-translational modifications can in turn regulate the biological activity of the protein. This process of sequence information transfer is called the central dogma of molecular biology. There are also noncod ...
... mRNA is transported to the cytoplasm and translated by the ribosome into protein. Adding post-translational modifications can in turn regulate the biological activity of the protein. This process of sequence information transfer is called the central dogma of molecular biology. There are also noncod ...
Hepatitis C Virus: Molecular Pathways and - e
... HCV polypeptide processing is unique in that all of the polypeptides are associated with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or ERderived membranes [11,12]. This suggests that assembly and replication of the genome occurs within the ER. It is, therefore, the ER signal peptidases that cleave the structura ...
... HCV polypeptide processing is unique in that all of the polypeptides are associated with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or ERderived membranes [11,12]. This suggests that assembly and replication of the genome occurs within the ER. It is, therefore, the ER signal peptidases that cleave the structura ...
The different shapes of cocci
... After the septum or cross-wall is complete, the two daughter cells are still held together within a single sphere, whose cell wall is a homogeneous-looking structure, with no signs of invagination (Fig. 2a). Only at the end of cell division is the septum split into two surfaces that become the new h ...
... After the septum or cross-wall is complete, the two daughter cells are still held together within a single sphere, whose cell wall is a homogeneous-looking structure, with no signs of invagination (Fig. 2a). Only at the end of cell division is the septum split into two surfaces that become the new h ...
Cell cycle behavior of human HP1 subtypes: distinct
... expressing YFP-fused HP1 were fixed and observed under a fluorescence microscope. In interphase nuclei, YFP-fused HP1 showed two different staining patterns: one, a series of bright regularly shaped spots; and the other, less bright irregularly shaped areas with some diffuse staining of the nucleopl ...
... expressing YFP-fused HP1 were fixed and observed under a fluorescence microscope. In interphase nuclei, YFP-fused HP1 showed two different staining patterns: one, a series of bright regularly shaped spots; and the other, less bright irregularly shaped areas with some diffuse staining of the nucleopl ...
Signaling
... Receptor/Ligand Binds to promoter elements in DNA and regulates transcription Cortisol Receptor is located in the cytosol ...
... Receptor/Ligand Binds to promoter elements in DNA and regulates transcription Cortisol Receptor is located in the cytosol ...
The Kip3-Like Kinesin KipB Moves along Microtubules and
... disruption of kipB demonstrated that it is not essential for vegetative growth. kipB mutant strains were resistant to high concentrations of the microtubule-destabilizing drug benomyl, suggesting that KipB destabilizes microtubules. kipB mutations caused a failure of spindle positioning in the cell, ...
... disruption of kipB demonstrated that it is not essential for vegetative growth. kipB mutant strains were resistant to high concentrations of the microtubule-destabilizing drug benomyl, suggesting that KipB destabilizes microtubules. kipB mutations caused a failure of spindle positioning in the cell, ...
Archaea - cloudfront.net
... 1. They both are single-celled, microscopic organisms that can come in a variety of shapes (Figure 1.1). 2. Both archaea and bacteria have a single circular chromosome of DNA and lack membrane-bound organelles. 3. Like bacteria, archaea can have flagella to assist with movement. ...
... 1. They both are single-celled, microscopic organisms that can come in a variety of shapes (Figure 1.1). 2. Both archaea and bacteria have a single circular chromosome of DNA and lack membrane-bound organelles. 3. Like bacteria, archaea can have flagella to assist with movement. ...
Internal Anatomy of the Central Nervous System
... A discussion of the events related to the crossing of sensory fibers is important for an orientation to the course of the dorsal column fibers and their level of crossing (Fig. 3-8). The fasciculi of gracilis and cuneatus are the first-order sensory fibers; their sensory neurons are in the spinal do ...
... A discussion of the events related to the crossing of sensory fibers is important for an orientation to the course of the dorsal column fibers and their level of crossing (Fig. 3-8). The fasciculi of gracilis and cuneatus are the first-order sensory fibers; their sensory neurons are in the spinal do ...
Cell nucleus
In cell biology, the nucleus (pl. nuclei; from Latin nucleus or nuculeus, meaning kernel) is a membrane-enclosed organelle found in eukaryotic cells. Eukaryotes usually have a single nucleus, but a few cell types have no nuclei, and a few others have many.Cell nuclei contain most of the cell's genetic material, organized as multiple long linear DNA molecules in complex with a large variety of proteins, such as histones, to form chromosomes. The genes within these chromosomes are the cell's nuclear genome. The function of the nucleus is to maintain the integrity of these genes and to control the activities of the cell by regulating gene expression—the nucleus is, therefore, the control center of the cell. The main structures making up the nucleus are the nuclear envelope, a double membrane that encloses the entire organelle and isolates its contents from the cellular cytoplasm, and the nucleoskeleton (which includes nuclear lamina), a network within the nucleus that adds mechanical support, much like the cytoskeleton, which supports the cell as a whole.Because the nuclear membrane is impermeable to large molecules, nuclear pores are required that regulate nuclear transport of molecules across the envelope. The pores cross both nuclear membranes, providing a channel through which larger molecules must be actively transported by carrier proteins while allowing free movement of small molecules and ions. Movement of large molecules such as proteins and RNA through the pores is required for both gene expression and the maintenance of chromosomes. The interior of the nucleus does not contain any membrane-bound sub compartments, its contents are not uniform, and a number of sub-nuclear bodies exist, made up of unique proteins, RNA molecules, and particular parts of the chromosomes. The best-known of these is the nucleolus, which is mainly involved in the assembly of ribosomes. After being produced in the nucleolus, ribosomes are exported to the cytoplasm where they translate mRNA.