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Inhibition Systems Mechanisms and Biological Roles of
Inhibition Systems Mechanisms and Biological Roles of

... Bacterial contact-dependent growth inhibition (CDI) is mediated by the CdiA/CdiB family of two-partner secretion proteins. CDIþ cells bind to susceptible target bacteria and deliver a toxic effector domain derived from the carboxyl terminus of CdiA (CdiA-CT). More than 60 distinct CdiA-CT sequence t ...
Global regulator H-NS and lipoprotein NlpI influence production of
Global regulator H-NS and lipoprotein NlpI influence production of

... aggregated communities of cells called flocs [16] joined by extracellular DNA and RNA [17]. The origin of eDNA is not clear since some reports indicate that eDNA is similar to genomic DNA (gDNA) [9,11,16] but other studies revealed, by comparing eDNA and gDNA through random amplification, that they ar ...
Ultra-High Resolution 3D Imaging of Whole Cells
Ultra-High Resolution 3D Imaging of Whole Cells

... poor localization density because of the highly selective computational processes focusing on subtle features of PSFs. The methods are also susceptible to sample-induced optical aberrations, which change the PSF shape when imaging biological structures deeper in the sample (Burke et al., 2015; von D ...
Thomas Auditorium Test - Tarleton State University
Thomas Auditorium Test - Tarleton State University

...  What is the polarity of an organism? How is oocyte polarity established?  How are embryonic axes determined? ...
Pavement cell chloroplast behaviour and interactions with other
Pavement cell chloroplast behaviour and interactions with other

... Chloroplasts are a characteristic feature of green plants. Mesophyll cells possess the majority of chloroplasts and it is widely believed that with the exception of guard cells, the epidermal layer in most higher plants does not contain chloroplasts. However, recent observations on Arabidopsis have ...
Specialized filopodia direct long-range transport of SHH
Specialized filopodia direct long-range transport of SHH

... where it accumulates, thereby revealing that actin motors can move along these structures (Fig. 2b and data not shown). Limb bud mesenchymal cytoplasmic extensions also possess distinct cytoskeletal features compared to typical filopodia, commonly characterized as actin-based linear extensions of th ...
Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Plant Cell Interactions and Activities
Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Plant Cell Interactions and Activities

... and, conceivably, different cell types within the plant. VirA and signal perception. VirA is a dimeric membrane-bound protein and is found in this state even in the absence of signals (Pan et al. 1993). Several domains of the protein have been identified (Figure 4) in both structural and genetic stud ...
Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Plant Cell - igem
Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Plant Cell - igem

... and, conceivably, different cell types within the plant. VirA and signal perception. VirA is a dimeric membrane-bound protein and is found in this state even in the absence of signals (Pan et al. 1993). Several domains of the protein have been identified (Figure 4) in both structural and genetic stu ...
Resistance Gene-Dependent Activation of a Calcium
Resistance Gene-Dependent Activation of a Calcium

Endosperm Development after Fusion of Isolated
Endosperm Development after Fusion of Isolated

Oriented Asymmetric Divisions That Generate the
Oriented Asymmetric Divisions That Generate the

... least some of the smaller cells were undifferentiated. Smaller cells are present in young as well as in expanded leaves, especially next to stomata and their precursors. The meristemoid mother cell (MMC) is the first type of stomatal precursor. It divides asymmetrically to produce a smaller, usually ...
Dimensional analysis of Expansive Growth of Cells with Walls
Dimensional analysis of Expansive Growth of Cells with Walls

... shape and support while providing both physical and chemical protection from the external environment. Typical plant and algal cell walls are composed of cellulose microfibrils embedded in an amorphous matrix of hemicelluloses, pectins, and small amounts of structural proteins [1]. Typical fungal ce ...
Leukaemia Section Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics
Leukaemia Section Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics

... various partners (see below); ALK+ ALCL cases are sometimes called ALK lymphomas, or ALKomas. ALK+ ALCL can be further divided into t(2;5) cases, with NPM1-ALK fusion protein which localises both in the cytoplasm and in the nucleus, and t(2;Var), involving various partners and ALK, and a cytoplasmic ...
Commentary on “Research on Mitotic Mechanisms”
Commentary on “Research on Mitotic Mechanisms”

... during gametogenesis. 3) The encouraging success of chemically diverse pharmaceuticals that retard cancer growth by interacting with components of the mitotic spindle. This note is a short account an open-access book chapter that charts stages in the growth of our understanding of mitotic mechanism, ...
rapid communication - AJP
rapid communication - AJP

Where in the Cell Are You? Probing HIV
Where in the Cell Are You? Probing HIV

... this are not yet fully elucidated, the microtubule organizing centre (MTOC) can polarize to the synapse and likely plays an important role in synapse formation [18]. Furthermore, actin polymerization has also been reported at the virological synapse [16]. Synapses are not only observed between T cel ...
Proteins and Enzymes
Proteins and Enzymes

... Evolution of proteins • Some pre-RNA polymer is believed to have come first; RNA evolved from that • RNA can function as enzymes • RNA became the template for DNA • Amino acids are attracted to codons • RNA catalyzed condensation of amino acids • Ribosomes evolved to increase efficiency and ...
Stress signaling from the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum
Stress signaling from the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum

The membrane form of the DNA repair protein Ku interacts at the cell
The membrane form of the DNA repair protein Ku interacts at the cell

... family (Hartley et al, 1995). Extensive genetic and molecular studies have identified the DNA-PK complex as an integral component of mammalian DNA DSB repair pathway (Jackson, 2002). Accordingly, mice with deletions of Ku genes are hypersensitive to ionizing radiation and lack mature lymphocytes (for ...
Danon disease - Journal of Cell Science
Danon disease - Journal of Cell Science

... caused by deficiency of lysosome-associated membrane protein 2 (LAMP-2). Other clinical manifestations include skeletal myopathy, cognitive defects and visual problems. Although individuals with Danon disease have been clinically described since the early 1980s, the underlying molecular mechanisms i ...
Evidence for particleinduced horizontal gene transfer and serial
Evidence for particleinduced horizontal gene transfer and serial

... and other organisms (Lengeler et al., 1999). Virus-mediated transfer of genetic elements between bacteria has become a major research topic in the last two decades, whereby conjugation, transduction and transformation are wellinvestigated mechanisms resulting in HGT between prokaryotic organisms. Ho ...
effect of ion concentration changes in t
effect of ion concentration changes in t

... and IK1 and variations of Ca2+ and K+ concentrations in different segments of tubular lumen at 1 Hz and 2.5 Hz steady state stimulation. While the differences between APs at surface and t-tubular membrane are minimal, the differences between surface and t-tubular components of membrane currents are mar ...
Leukaemia Section Anaplasic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics
Leukaemia Section Anaplasic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics

... various partners (see below); ALK+ ALCL cases are sometimes called ALK lymphomas, or ALKomas. ALK+ ALCL can be further divided into t(2;5) cases, with NPM1-ALK fusion protein which localises both in the cytoplasm and in the nucleus, and t(2;Var), involving various partners and ALK, and a cytoplasmic ...
REVIEWS
REVIEWS

... frequently due to active transporters that pump a broad spectrum of chemically distinct, cytotoxic molecules out of cells, including antibiotics, antimalarials, herbicides and cancer chemotherapeutics in humans. The paradigm multidrug transporter, mammalian P-glycoprotein, was identified 30 years ag ...
Syntaxin of Plant Proteins SYP123 and SYP132 Mediate Root Hair
Syntaxin of Plant Proteins SYP123 and SYP132 Mediate Root Hair

... that syp123-1 is a null mutant. Expression of SYP123 was detected in a complementation line expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP)–SYP123 under the control of the SYP123 promoter (Fig. 1B). The root hair length of syp123-1 was significantly shorter (377.2 ± 113.8 mm) than that of wild-type (WT) ...
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Endomembrane system

The endomembrane system is composed of the different membranes that are suspended in the cytoplasm within a eukaryotic cell. These membranes divide the cell into functional and structural compartments, or organelles. In eukaryotes the organelles of the endomembrane system include: the nuclear membrane, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, endosomes and the cell membrane. The system is defined more accurately as the set of membranes that form a single functional and developmental unit, either being connected directly, or exchanging material through vesicle transport. Importantly, the endomembrane system does not include the membranes of mitochondria or chloroplasts.The nuclear membrane contains two lipid bilayers that encompass the contents of the nucleus. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a synthesis and transport organelle that branches into the cytoplasm in plant and animal cells. The Golgi apparatus is a series of multiple compartments where molecules are packaged for delivery to other cell components or for secretion from the cell. Vacuoles, which are found in both plant and animal cells (though much bigger in plant cells), are responsible for maintaining the shape and structure of the cell as well as storing waste products. A vesicle is a relatively small, membrane-enclosed sac that stores or transports substances. The cell membrane, is a protective barrier that regulates what enters and leaves the cell. There is also an organelle known as the Spitzenkörper that is only found in fungi, and is connected with hyphal tip growth.In prokaryotes endomembranes are rare, although in many photosynthetic bacteria the plasma membrane is highly folded and most of the cell cytoplasm is filled with layers of light-gathering membrane. These light-gathering membranes may even form enclosed structures called chlorosomes in green sulfur bacteria.The organelles of the endomembrane system are related through direct contact or by the transfer of membrane segments as vesicles. Despite these relationships, the various membranes are not identical in structure and function. The thickness, molecular composition, and metabolic behavior of a membrane are not fixed, they may be modified several times during the membrane's life. One unifying characteristic the membranes share is a lipid bilayer, with proteins attached to either side or traversing them.
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