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Starvation Induces Vacuolar Targeting and Degradation of the
Starvation Induces Vacuolar Targeting and Degradation of the

... amino acid permeases consists of mainly high affinity transporters that are specific for single amino acids or a small set of structurally related amino acids. These permeases, including the histidine permease, HIP1 (Tanaka and Fink, 1985), and the tryptophan permease, TAT2 (Schmidt et al., 1994), i ...
PERSPECTIVE
PERSPECTIVE

... molecule may function through a relay of intermediate signals within the target cells2. An additional criterion central to proving whether a signalling molecule is a morphogen is the demonstration that it functions directly on the target cell, thereby implying that each cell in the field of the morp ...
Cofactor requirement of ribosome-inactivating
Cofactor requirement of ribosome-inactivating

Phosphoproteomics as a tool to unravel plant
Phosphoproteomics as a tool to unravel plant

... these proteins, suggesting that phosphorylation sites may be key determinants of signalling specificity of these receptors. The analysis of plasma membrane phosphoproteins also showed that regions surrounding the phosphorylation sites can often be grouped into conserved phosphorylation motifs that m ...
invited review - AJP
invited review - AJP

... glycoside residues, and then is further processed in the Golgi apparatus, especially by modification of carbohydrate residues (43, 44, 46, 47). Tg molecules contain numerous N-linked complex carbohydrate groups (for review, see Ref. 28). In addition, there are two O-linked groups, including chondroi ...
Arabidopsis root K - Journal of Cell Science
Arabidopsis root K - Journal of Cell Science

... agents in plants (Apel and Hirt, 2004; Møller et al., 2007). They are produced in response to a number of stimuli, including biotic and abiotic stresses, hormones, developmental and gravitropic signals, and mineral deficiency (Apel and Hirt, 2004; Kwak et al., 2006). Respiratory and photosynthetic e ...
Mechanism of translation of the bicistronic mRNA encoding human
Mechanism of translation of the bicistronic mRNA encoding human

... AE6 and AE7 in the presence of RNase H. A control protein, luciferase (62K) was simultaneously translated. The translation reactions were similar to those described in Methods with the exception of the addition of 0.25 lag of the luciferase plasmid (provided as a positive control with the Promega ki ...
Viruses as Building Blocks for Materials and Devices
Viruses as Building Blocks for Materials and Devices

... for spatially defined chemical surface modifications. The advantage of using viruses instead of artificial nanoparticles is the defined number and orientation of the accessible functional groups on their surface. This provides the possibility to arrange different chemical functionalities with nanome ...
NETosis: how vital is it?
NETosis: how vital is it?

Plk4/SAK/ZYG-1 in the regulation of centriole
Plk4/SAK/ZYG-1 in the regulation of centriole

... Active Plk4/SAK kinase is present at duplicating mother centrioles during G1/S and the protein levels increase at both centrioles into mitosis [29]. In addition to centriole localization, Plk4/SAK protein levels are regulated and, when aberrant, centriole assembly is either amplified or decreased co ...
Lactic acid excretion by Streptococcus mutans
Lactic acid excretion by Streptococcus mutans

... Ingbritt (Krasse, 1966 ; Linzer, 1976) was stored in 30 YOglycerol broth at -20 "C. The strain was checked regularly according to the criteria of Hardie & Bowden (1976). Bacteria were grown as batch cultures at 37 OC in T Y E growth medium as described previously (Dashper & Reynolds, 1990, 1992). Ce ...
Lactic acid excretion by Streptococcus mutans
Lactic acid excretion by Streptococcus mutans

MECHANISMS OF PATTERN FORMATION IN PLANT
MECHANISMS OF PATTERN FORMATION IN PLANT

Primary cilia of human endothelial cells disassemble under laminar
Primary cilia of human endothelial cells disassemble under laminar

... also was located in primary cilia of 10% of ciliated HUVEC, where it was found in particles along the cilia that resembled those stained by hisCMG-1Ab (Fig. 4, A and A’, insets; Fig. 4, B and B’). Therefore, PKD-1 elicits a response to mechanical stimuli only in a subset of the HUVEC expressing pri ...
Abstract
Abstract

... Background 1. The role of intracellular Ca2+ Extracellular Ca2+ import through plasma membrane occurs by various types of channels including voltage-sensitive, receptor-operated (for example, glutamate receptors) and store-operated channels. The entering Ca2+ can either interact with Ca2+-binding p ...
The Region of the Larynx - Jefferson Digital Commons
The Region of the Larynx - Jefferson Digital Commons

... There are connecting filaments, however, between the superior laryngeal nerve and the inferior or recurrent laryngeal nerve, which furni shes all the other intrinsic laryngeal muscles with motion. The thyro-aryteno'id muscles each consist of two flat overlapping portions, The outer portions arise fr ...
Differential function of Listeria monocytogenes listeriolysin O and
Differential function of Listeria monocytogenes listeriolysin O and

... grown in the presence of IPTG (pre-induced) were used to infect a monolayer of CellTracker™ Blue-labelled mBMDM in the absence of inducer. In the absence of continued IPTG induction, we speculated that intracellular LLO production would cease (Table 1). At 6 h post infection, the infected mBMDM were ...
Exploration of the Dynamic Properties of Protein Complexes
Exploration of the Dynamic Properties of Protein Complexes

... detected in vivo. Tools are needed for coarse-grained modeling that can be used to visualize and to interpret protein-protein interaction data, especially for protein complexes for which structural information is incomplete or unavailable. To our knowledge, this type of modeling algorithm does not e ...
Chapter 36- Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants
Chapter 36- Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants

... form and arrangement of leaves, the outgrowth of axillary buds, and the relative growth in stem length and thickness. Leaf size and structure account for much of the outward diversity we see in plant form. Leaves range in length from the minuscule 1.3-mm leaves of the pygmy weed (Crassula erecta), a ...
Document
Document

... • A signal transduction pathway leads to regulation of one or more cellular activities • In most cases, these responses to stimulation involve increased activity of enzymes • This can occur by transcriptional regulation or post-translational modification ...
Protein actors sustaining arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis
Protein actors sustaining arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis

... phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N), from the soil which are supplied to the host plant in exchange for sugars generated by photosynthesis (Parniske, 2008). Although leading to different outcomes, mutualistic and parasitic biotrophs share the ability to penetrate the plant cell through the differentiati ...
Characterization of chloroplasts in pavement cells of Arabidopsis
Characterization of chloroplasts in pavement cells of Arabidopsis

... Chloroplasts are a characteristic feature of green plants. Mesophyll cells possess the majority of chloroplasts and it is widely believed that with the exception of guard cells, the epidermal layer in most higher plants does not contain chloroplasts. However, recent observations on Arabidopsis have ...
Human Signaling Protein 14-3-3 Interacts With
Human Signaling Protein 14-3-3 Interacts With

Determination and Formation of the Basic Body Pattern in Embryo of
Determination and Formation of the Basic Body Pattern in Embryo of

... maternal-effect mutation dorsal. Injection of RNA isolated from wild-type embryos into the mutant at six loci partially restored ventral-dorsal polarity. For the mutant snake, especially, injection of poly (A) + RNA isolated from wild-type embryos restored a complete ventraldorsal pattern, In the Bo ...
Podosome-type adhesions and focal adhesions, so alike yet so
Podosome-type adhesions and focal adhesions, so alike yet so

... Focal complexes are 0.5-1 µm dot-like contacts localized along the lamellipodia. These structures are not connected to stress fibers although they have been shown to be linked to the actin network. Moreover, they do not contain Zyxin suggesting that they are subjected to moderate mechanical tensions ...
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Endomembrane system

The endomembrane system is composed of the different membranes that are suspended in the cytoplasm within a eukaryotic cell. These membranes divide the cell into functional and structural compartments, or organelles. In eukaryotes the organelles of the endomembrane system include: the nuclear membrane, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, endosomes and the cell membrane. The system is defined more accurately as the set of membranes that form a single functional and developmental unit, either being connected directly, or exchanging material through vesicle transport. Importantly, the endomembrane system does not include the membranes of mitochondria or chloroplasts.The nuclear membrane contains two lipid bilayers that encompass the contents of the nucleus. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a synthesis and transport organelle that branches into the cytoplasm in plant and animal cells. The Golgi apparatus is a series of multiple compartments where molecules are packaged for delivery to other cell components or for secretion from the cell. Vacuoles, which are found in both plant and animal cells (though much bigger in plant cells), are responsible for maintaining the shape and structure of the cell as well as storing waste products. A vesicle is a relatively small, membrane-enclosed sac that stores or transports substances. The cell membrane, is a protective barrier that regulates what enters and leaves the cell. There is also an organelle known as the Spitzenkörper that is only found in fungi, and is connected with hyphal tip growth.In prokaryotes endomembranes are rare, although in many photosynthetic bacteria the plasma membrane is highly folded and most of the cell cytoplasm is filled with layers of light-gathering membrane. These light-gathering membranes may even form enclosed structures called chlorosomes in green sulfur bacteria.The organelles of the endomembrane system are related through direct contact or by the transfer of membrane segments as vesicles. Despite these relationships, the various membranes are not identical in structure and function. The thickness, molecular composition, and metabolic behavior of a membrane are not fixed, they may be modified several times during the membrane's life. One unifying characteristic the membranes share is a lipid bilayer, with proteins attached to either side or traversing them.
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