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Activation of the Cell Wall Degrading Protease, Lysin, during Sexual
Activation of the Cell Wall Degrading Protease, Lysin, during Sexual

... they contained a 62,000-Mr antigen that was not present in suspensions of mating gametes that had undergone sexual signalling. Furthermore, nonmating gametes whose walls were removed with exogenously added lysin did not contain either form of the antigen. We also found that the 62,000-M, form of the ...
Overview of problem fermentations
Overview of problem fermentations

... membrane and by changing the species of the proteins present • Adaptation requires the ability to make new proteins and membrane components (lipids, sterols) • If conditions do not enable development of ethanol tolerance, fermentation rates will decrease ...
processing of defensive pigment in aplysia californica: acquisition
processing of defensive pigment in aplysia californica: acquisition

... found within the large digestive vacuoles of this cell. storage material and calcium carbonate. Immunogold localization showed that there was a The following model is consistent with our observations: statistically significant occurrence of the red algal red algal rhodoplasts are freed from algal ce ...
The water of life: osmoregulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
The water of life: osmoregulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

... THE REGULATION OF WATER AND GLYCEROL TRANSPORT BY MIP (MAJOR INTRINSIC PROTEIN) CHANNELS ...
Knee joint
Knee joint

... fossa and exits deep to margin of plantaris to enter posterior compartment of leg. ...
Spermatogenesis
Spermatogenesis

... embryonic/larval lethality, which indicates it plays an essential role in addition to its role during spermatogenesis (Lamitina and L'Hernault, 2002). These independently obtained dominant wee-1.3 mutations are all located in a four amino acid region near the C-terminus and three contain identical m ...
supplementary information
supplementary information

... distinguish the two strains using a Becton Dickinson FACScan flow cytometer with excitation laser at 488nm. Emission filter FL1 (530/30) detects YFP levels and FL2 (585/42) detects tdtomato levels, although the absorbance of tdtomato at 488nm is relatively inefficient. The plot above is from a sampl ...
Cellular Force Microscopy for in Vivo
Cellular Force Microscopy for in Vivo

... cells with CFM: stiffness mapping with noninvasive, small indentation scans covering several cells, and cell wall puncture using very high forces. The mechanical effects of turgor pressure were investigated by mapping cell apparent stiffness in various states of plasmolysis as well as by comparing s ...
MITOCHONDRIA
MITOCHONDRIA

... not. The nucleus on one cell is at the top, and the nucleus of the next cell is at the bottom.  Pseudostratified epithelium always has cilia on its apical surface. Each cilium is a hair-like structure that moves back and forth to move material in a certain direction.  This type of epithelium needs ...
Plasmodesmata-Mediated Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Shoot
Plasmodesmata-Mediated Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Shoot

... (sRNAs) act as mobile signals that are actively and selectively transported to target cells through PD to specify their fates [18]. Around twenty years ago, the first mobile signal moving between cells via PD, the homeodomain (HD) TF KNOTTED1 (KN1), was discovered in maize. KN1 is expressed in the L ...
Aquaporin-Mediated Fluid Regulation in the Inner Ear
Aquaporin-Mediated Fluid Regulation in the Inner Ear

... From the above it is obvious that the inner ear fluids play important roles in the process of sound perception. Firstly, fluid is the basic medium in which the mechanical sound signal travels hydrodynamically. This requires a tight volume control in order to establish and maintain correct pressure a ...
Mutations in a Signal Sequence for the Thylakoid Membrane Identify
Mutations in a Signal Sequence for the Thylakoid Membrane Identify

... Poynton, 1980), but the insertion mechanism has not been described. It is apparent, therefore, that many distinct mechanisms for protein insertion and translocation exist, and different mechanisms often exist within one organism or organelle. The outer and inner envelope of the chloroplast surrounds ...
Induction and Activation of Plant Secondary Metabolism by External
Induction and Activation of Plant Secondary Metabolism by External

Tensile Properties of Arabidopsis Cell Walls Depend on Both a
Tensile Properties of Arabidopsis Cell Walls Depend on Both a

... obtained evidence for the independence of the cellulose and pectin networks in the epidermis and showed that pectin is mechanically important in its own right as well as affecting the viscoelastic properties of the cell wall through its modification of cellulose hydration. However, the specific stru ...
The centrosome orientation checkpoint is germline stem cell specific
The centrosome orientation checkpoint is germline stem cell specific

... divisions to generate distinct cellular lineages is achieved by stereotypical spindle orientation, some of which are mediated by the programmed rotation of spindles (Goldstein, 2000; Sawa, 2012). In these examples, it is predicted that cell division without the establishment of correct orientation w ...
CELL MOTILITY: Spatial and Temporal Regulation of
CELL MOTILITY: Spatial and Temporal Regulation of

... phase viscosity of small solutes is only 10% to 30% less in cytoplasm than in water [reviewed in (13)]. Although diffusion can be the principle mechanism of molecular movement for interactions on a ⬃ 20 nm scale, it cannot completely explain the mechanism by which molecules move over greater distanc ...
Myc Requires Distinct E2F Activities to Induce S Phase
Myc Requires Distinct E2F Activities to Induce S Phase

... genes that encode proteins essential for DNA replication and cell cycle progression (Dyson, 1998; Nevins, 1998). Numerous experiments have shown that E2F plays a critical role in cell cycle control as well as apoptosis. Inhibition or lack of E2F activity will block G1 to S phase progression in mamma ...
Bactericidal Action of the Reactive Species Produced by Gas
Bactericidal Action of the Reactive Species Produced by Gas

... required for lysis of Gram-negative bacteria than Gram positive. In the second mechanism, oxidation and damage of membrane or cellular components are suggested to be caused by the energetic ions, radicals, and reactive species generated by gas discharge. Active radicals are generated directly in pla ...
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy

... (i) by counting the acid-precipitable activity or (ii) by chromatography of heat-inactivated samples as described previously (12, 15). The possibility that radioactive teichoic acid, in addition to peptidoglycan, was counted as acid-precipitable radioactivity or as a nonmoving component on the chrom ...
Role of N-linked oligosaccharide chains in the processing and
Role of N-linked oligosaccharide chains in the processing and

... Asparagine-linked (N-linked) glycosylation is one of the most common post-translational modifications of proteins in the exocytic pathway of eukaryotic cells. The addition of N-linked oligosaccharides starts in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) when the target sequence Asn-X-Ser/Thr (where X is any ami ...
Complementary Signaling Pathways Regulate the Unfolded Protein
Complementary Signaling Pathways Regulate the Unfolded Protein

... in all cells and tissues, IRE1␤ expression is primarily restricted to intestinal epithelial cells (Bertolotti et al., 2000). Upon overexpression, the endoribonuclease of either IRE1␣ or IRE1␤ is sufficient to activate the UPR transcriptional response (Tirasophon et al., 1998, 2000; Wang et al., 1998 ...
Cell Analogy
Cell Analogy

... Objective: To gain better understanding of the functions of each cell part and process, you will be constructing a cell analogy poster. In this poster you will relate the ANIMAL or PLANT CELL to another system we see in everyday life. Examples would be a school, castle, factory, ocean, etc. Each str ...
Comparative Biochemistry of the Oxidative Burst Produced by Rose
Comparative Biochemistry of the Oxidative Burst Produced by Rose

... indirectly to mortality. However, in at least one case it has been shown that an oxidative burst by itself is not sufficient to trigger programmed cell death (Glazener et al., 1996). The oxidative burst is often a very rapid response, occurring within seconds in some systems, such as cultured cells ...
The water of life: osmoregulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
The water of life: osmoregulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

... THE REGULATION OF WATER AND GLYCEROL TRANSPORT BY MIP (MAJOR INTRINSIC PROTEIN) CHANNELS ...
MAUREEN CAROLINE McCANN Nationality
MAUREEN CAROLINE McCANN Nationality

... machinery of the plant cell wall contributes to cell growth and specialization, and thus to the final stature and form of plants. The plant cell wall is a highly organized composite of many different polysaccharides, proteins, and aromatic substances that undergo dynamic changes during cell division ...
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Endomembrane system

The endomembrane system is composed of the different membranes that are suspended in the cytoplasm within a eukaryotic cell. These membranes divide the cell into functional and structural compartments, or organelles. In eukaryotes the organelles of the endomembrane system include: the nuclear membrane, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, endosomes and the cell membrane. The system is defined more accurately as the set of membranes that form a single functional and developmental unit, either being connected directly, or exchanging material through vesicle transport. Importantly, the endomembrane system does not include the membranes of mitochondria or chloroplasts.The nuclear membrane contains two lipid bilayers that encompass the contents of the nucleus. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a synthesis and transport organelle that branches into the cytoplasm in plant and animal cells. The Golgi apparatus is a series of multiple compartments where molecules are packaged for delivery to other cell components or for secretion from the cell. Vacuoles, which are found in both plant and animal cells (though much bigger in plant cells), are responsible for maintaining the shape and structure of the cell as well as storing waste products. A vesicle is a relatively small, membrane-enclosed sac that stores or transports substances. The cell membrane, is a protective barrier that regulates what enters and leaves the cell. There is also an organelle known as the Spitzenkörper that is only found in fungi, and is connected with hyphal tip growth.In prokaryotes endomembranes are rare, although in many photosynthetic bacteria the plasma membrane is highly folded and most of the cell cytoplasm is filled with layers of light-gathering membrane. These light-gathering membranes may even form enclosed structures called chlorosomes in green sulfur bacteria.The organelles of the endomembrane system are related through direct contact or by the transfer of membrane segments as vesicles. Despite these relationships, the various membranes are not identical in structure and function. The thickness, molecular composition, and metabolic behavior of a membrane are not fixed, they may be modified several times during the membrane's life. One unifying characteristic the membranes share is a lipid bilayer, with proteins attached to either side or traversing them.
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