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Roles of FGFs as adipokines in adipose tissue development
Roles of FGFs as adipokines in adipose tissue development

... and metabolism (Wang et al., 2008; Galic et al., 2010). Although BAT also produces adipokines, the endocrine roles of BAT are needed to determine by further research (Villarroya et al., 2013). Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are signaling proteins with diverse functions in development, metabolism, ...
MAUREEN CAROLINE McCANN Nationality
MAUREEN CAROLINE McCANN Nationality

... machinery of the plant cell wall contributes to cell growth and specialization, and thus to the final stature and form of plants. The plant cell wall is a highly organized composite of many different polysaccharides, proteins, and aromatic substances that undergo dynamic changes during cell division ...
Plastid division
Plastid division

... from bacteria, functions in chloroplast division, since the gene is apparently missing from genomes of higher and lower plants, although a MinC-like sequence has been identified in a moss genome (Yang et al., 2008). Interestingly, if the bacterial MinC gene is overexpressed in Arabidopsis, then the ...
- Wiley Online Library
- Wiley Online Library

... down both putative pseudoalleles that each suppressed XPAPC translation in vitro, but a complete inhibition was only achieved with a mixture of both. An XPAPC-ORF construct without the 50 UTR was not sensitive to either MO (Supplementary Figure 1). Similar results were obtained in vivo (H Steinbeiss ...
Target or barrier? The cell wall of early- and later
Target or barrier? The cell wall of early- and later

... cell wall-based protection mechanism is only one of the processes used by plants to cope with the damage induced by Cd. Before exploring more specifically the molecular mechanisms in which the cell wall is involved, it is necessary to introduce the other protective mechanisms with which plants are e ...
Large-scale histological analysis of leaf mutants using two simple
Large-scale histological analysis of leaf mutants using two simple

... reports have described mutant phenotypes, including alterations in leaf shape and size (e.g. Berná et al., 1999; PérezPérez et al., 2002), but detailed cellular observations of leaf phenotypes have often not been performed. Nonetheless, we believe that these histological mutant phenotypes are val ...
Functions of the Arabidopsis kinesin superfamily of microtubule
Functions of the Arabidopsis kinesin superfamily of microtubule

... potentially could contribute to bundling of CMTs. However, the atk5 mutant has normal CMT organization (Ambrose et al. 2005), indicating that it does not play an essential role in CMT organization. CMTs are dynamic at both ends and their dynamic properties are important for array organization (Shaw ...
Exosome Biogenesis, Regulation, and Function in Viral Infection
Exosome Biogenesis, Regulation, and Function in Viral Infection

... 2. Apoptotic Bodies, Microvesicles, and Exosomes The cytoplasm of the eukaryotic cell contains several well-described compartments (trans-Golgi network (TGN), mitochondria, peroxisomes, endoplasmic reticulum, etc.), each performing specific and, in some cases, overlapping functions. Transport of mat ...
Identification and Characterization of Genes Required for Cell
Identification and Characterization of Genes Required for Cell

Topic B1
Topic B1

... ● Cells as the fundamental unit of living organisms, including how to observe, interpret and record cell structure using a light microscope. ● Functions of cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, vacuole, mitochondrion and chloroplast. ● Similarities and differences between animal and plant ce ...
Phosphoproteomics reveals extensive in vivo phosphorylation of
Phosphoproteomics reveals extensive in vivo phosphorylation of

Bioinformatics analysis of experimentally determined protein
Bioinformatics analysis of experimentally determined protein

... indicating that they are not consistently coexpressed with the other subunits within the complex. The internal correlations among the subunits of a protein complex are best revealed using a two dimensional representation, plotting for each protein i the correlation coefficient CiD on one axis and Ci ...
Calcium regulates ricin transport to the Golgi apparatus
Calcium regulates ricin transport to the Golgi apparatus

... (Ghosh et al., 1998; Mallard et al., 1998). In the case of Shiga B, this transport may occur through a clathrin- and Rab11dependent mechanism (Mallard et al., 1998; Wilcke et al., 2000). Ricin also seems to be transported to the Golgi apparatus using a mechanism that differs from that of the M6PR. W ...
LYTIC AND LYSOGENIC CYCLES
LYTIC AND LYSOGENIC CYCLES

... and is replicated along with the host chromosome and passed on to the daughter cells. The cell harboring a prophage is not adversely affected by the presence of the prophage and the lysogenic state may persist indefinitely. The cell harboring a prophage is termed a lysogen. 2. Events Leading to Lyso ...
Proteomic analyses of the time course responses of mice infected
Proteomic analyses of the time course responses of mice infected

... using MALDI-TOF MS. The results of the protein identification analysis are shown in Table 3. These data revealed that multiple immunogenic proteins at different locations on 2DE-immunoblotting showed diverse Mr and pI values and were correlated with theoretical values. Evidence of the subcellular lo ...
Interplay between cell growth and cell cycle in
Interplay between cell growth and cell cycle in

... increases through cytoplasmic growth and turgor-driven cell-wall extension, while the number of cells in the tissue is increased by mitotic cycles. In addition, a variant form of the cell cycle, the endocycle, is used to increase DNA contents without cell division and is often associated with cell e ...
PDF
PDF

... embryos were fixed for TEM (as above) and the distribution of microvilli was examined. Other embryos were disaggregated partially or completely in Ca 2+free medium 16 containing 6 mg/ml BSA (Ca2+-free M16 + BSA) or in medium 16 +BSA containing either cytochalasin D (1 /^g/ml), or in trypsin-EDTA (0- ...
Articulins and epiplasmins - Journal of Cell Science
Articulins and epiplasmins - Journal of Cell Science

... organization of the membrane skeleton in protists. Articulins and epiplasmins represent two distinct classes of cytoskeletal proteins, since different polypeptides were labeled by articulin core domain-specific or epiplasmin epitope-specific antibodies in each organism studied. In one case, a polype ...
the sting bulb gland in myrmecia and nothomyrmecia
the sting bulb gland in myrmecia and nothomyrmecia

... cell. The efferent ducts open into the venom canal through the most distal wall and the adjacent dorsal region of the tissue projection (Figs 1-3). In close proximity to the glandular ceils are nerve fibres (Fig. 5) and tracheoles, the latter sometimes penetrating them (Fig. 6). The gland also occur ...
Phosphoproteomic analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana Hanna Klang Årstrand
Phosphoproteomic analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana Hanna Klang Årstrand

... 1.1.2 Ribosome protein composition .............................................................................. 3 1.1.3 The P-proteins ......................................................................................................... 3 1.2 The nucleus ....................................... ...
Here. - Blumenstiel Lab
Here. - Blumenstiel Lab

... Expression patterns of the nanos-GAL4TVP16-driven constructs: As reviewed by Spradling (1993), Drosophila female meiosis begins within cysts of 16 interconnected germline cells. These cysts are formed when a germline stem cell, located at the anterior tip of the germarium, divides asymmetrically to ...
the Cytoskeleton in Plant Development1
the Cytoskeleton in Plant Development1

... complex and thus allows sliding of microtubules along the actin system (Allan, 199413]). Proteins that are immunologically related to kinesin have been detected in pollen tubes (Tiezzi et a!., 19921128]) and kinesin-homologous sequences have been reported in Arabidopsis (Mitsui et at., 1993182]). Re ...
Anatomy Review: Respiratory Structures
Anatomy Review: Respiratory Structures

The Formation of the Central Element of the
The Formation of the Central Element of the

... Expression patterns of the nanos-GAL4TVP16-driven constructs: As reviewed by Spradling (1993), Drosophila female meiosis begins within cysts of 16 interconnected germline cells. These cysts are formed when a germline stem cell, located at the anterior tip of the germarium, divides asymmetrically to ...
MS Word Version - Interactive Physiology
MS Word Version - Interactive Physiology

... • The trachea and all the bronchi have supporting cartilage which keeps the airways open. • Air flows deeper into the lungs as the tertiary bronchi branch repeatedly into smaller bronchi, which eventually branch into bronchioles. • Bronchioles lack cartilage and contain more smooth muscle in their w ...
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Endomembrane system

The endomembrane system is composed of the different membranes that are suspended in the cytoplasm within a eukaryotic cell. These membranes divide the cell into functional and structural compartments, or organelles. In eukaryotes the organelles of the endomembrane system include: the nuclear membrane, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, endosomes and the cell membrane. The system is defined more accurately as the set of membranes that form a single functional and developmental unit, either being connected directly, or exchanging material through vesicle transport. Importantly, the endomembrane system does not include the membranes of mitochondria or chloroplasts.The nuclear membrane contains two lipid bilayers that encompass the contents of the nucleus. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a synthesis and transport organelle that branches into the cytoplasm in plant and animal cells. The Golgi apparatus is a series of multiple compartments where molecules are packaged for delivery to other cell components or for secretion from the cell. Vacuoles, which are found in both plant and animal cells (though much bigger in plant cells), are responsible for maintaining the shape and structure of the cell as well as storing waste products. A vesicle is a relatively small, membrane-enclosed sac that stores or transports substances. The cell membrane, is a protective barrier that regulates what enters and leaves the cell. There is also an organelle known as the Spitzenkörper that is only found in fungi, and is connected with hyphal tip growth.In prokaryotes endomembranes are rare, although in many photosynthetic bacteria the plasma membrane is highly folded and most of the cell cytoplasm is filled with layers of light-gathering membrane. These light-gathering membranes may even form enclosed structures called chlorosomes in green sulfur bacteria.The organelles of the endomembrane system are related through direct contact or by the transfer of membrane segments as vesicles. Despite these relationships, the various membranes are not identical in structure and function. The thickness, molecular composition, and metabolic behavior of a membrane are not fixed, they may be modified several times during the membrane's life. One unifying characteristic the membranes share is a lipid bilayer, with proteins attached to either side or traversing them.
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