The Pseudomonas syringae HrpJ protein controls the secretion of
... translocation of effectors (Iriarte et al., 1998; Day et al., 2003). Salmonella enterica mutants lacking InvE or SsaL, YopN-TyeA/InvE/SepL family members of the two T3SSs of S. enterica, do not secrete type III translocator proteins (Kubori and Galán, 2002; Coombes et al., 2004). SepL from enteropat ...
... translocation of effectors (Iriarte et al., 1998; Day et al., 2003). Salmonella enterica mutants lacking InvE or SsaL, YopN-TyeA/InvE/SepL family members of the two T3SSs of S. enterica, do not secrete type III translocator proteins (Kubori and Galán, 2002; Coombes et al., 2004). SepL from enteropat ...
STUDENTS` MISCONCEPTIONS ABOUT CELL BIOLOGY AND
... science education have been focusing on identifying and analyzing the idea and concepts students held before and after instruction. Most of the studies have confirmed the students usually bring in science education ideas that differ from those held by the instructors and accepted as correct by scien ...
... science education have been focusing on identifying and analyzing the idea and concepts students held before and after instruction. Most of the studies have confirmed the students usually bring in science education ideas that differ from those held by the instructors and accepted as correct by scien ...
A Small GTPase of the Rab Family Is Required for Root Hair
... of tip growth in plant cells. These cells are expanded by the addition of new plasma membrane and cell wall in an outgrowth of pollen grains or trichoblast for pollen and root hairs, respectively. This growth needs material that is provided by an active secretory pathway, a process coupled to an act ...
... of tip growth in plant cells. These cells are expanded by the addition of new plasma membrane and cell wall in an outgrowth of pollen grains or trichoblast for pollen and root hairs, respectively. This growth needs material that is provided by an active secretory pathway, a process coupled to an act ...
Apical constriction: themes and variations on a cellular mechanism
... constriction is also associated with the extrusion of apoptotic or delaminating cells (Toyama et al., 2008; Slattum et al., 2009; Marinari et al., 2012) and wound contraction and healing (Davidson et al., 2002; Antunes et al., 2013). Thus, apical constriction remodels epithelia in a variety of ways ...
... constriction is also associated with the extrusion of apoptotic or delaminating cells (Toyama et al., 2008; Slattum et al., 2009; Marinari et al., 2012) and wound contraction and healing (Davidson et al., 2002; Antunes et al., 2013). Thus, apical constriction remodels epithelia in a variety of ways ...
Apical constriction
... constriction is also associated with the extrusion of apoptotic or delaminating cells (Toyama et al., 2008; Slattum et al., 2009; Marinari et al., 2012) and wound contraction and healing (Davidson et al., 2002; Antunes et al., 2013). Thus, apical constriction remodels epithelia in a variety of ways ...
... constriction is also associated with the extrusion of apoptotic or delaminating cells (Toyama et al., 2008; Slattum et al., 2009; Marinari et al., 2012) and wound contraction and healing (Davidson et al., 2002; Antunes et al., 2013). Thus, apical constriction remodels epithelia in a variety of ways ...
Antisense Oligonucleotides: problems with use and solutions
... be of small size to allow intercalation between tissues and to allow intracellular transport, they must be nontoxic and stable in the blood stream, they must retain the drug when in the circulation and must release it at its target before elimination. If the delivery vector is too large, this potent ...
... be of small size to allow intercalation between tissues and to allow intracellular transport, they must be nontoxic and stable in the blood stream, they must retain the drug when in the circulation and must release it at its target before elimination. If the delivery vector is too large, this potent ...
Fungi represent a group of heterotrophic living organisms which are
... karyogamy. The fused hypha that contains two types of nuclei (+ and -) forms a dikaryon. It grows for sometime, a condition called as heterokaryosis. The latter is similar to being diploid as the + nuclei may carry different alleles than – nuclei. Ultimately, the karyogamy occurs, wherein the two nu ...
... karyogamy. The fused hypha that contains two types of nuclei (+ and -) forms a dikaryon. It grows for sometime, a condition called as heterokaryosis. The latter is similar to being diploid as the + nuclei may carry different alleles than – nuclei. Ultimately, the karyogamy occurs, wherein the two nu ...
Solid-Phase Synthesis, Characterization, and Cellular Activities of
... desorption rate prior to the site of intended delivery.11 Covalent attachment methods are either not discriminatory in terms of where the ND binds the peptide or protein or are limited in the length and complexity of peptide that can be bound.24–27 Furthermore, characterization of the ND surface aft ...
... desorption rate prior to the site of intended delivery.11 Covalent attachment methods are either not discriminatory in terms of where the ND binds the peptide or protein or are limited in the length and complexity of peptide that can be bound.24–27 Furthermore, characterization of the ND surface aft ...
Serine/Threonine Kinase 3-Phosphoinositide
... a complex network of signaling events that involves lipid second messengers, kinases, small GTPases and cytoskeletal proteins. Cell migration can be described prototypically as a cyclic process [2]. The first step is the polarization of the cell in response to migration-promoting factors. As a conse ...
... a complex network of signaling events that involves lipid second messengers, kinases, small GTPases and cytoskeletal proteins. Cell migration can be described prototypically as a cyclic process [2]. The first step is the polarization of the cell in response to migration-promoting factors. As a conse ...
PDF version
... Fertilization initiates a cascade of events that leads to breaking the symmetry of the oocyte, as evidenced by a local cessation of actomyosin contractility. What is the nature of the symmetry-breaking cue? It is not the sperm entry site nor paternal genetic material (Sadler and Shakes, 2000 Goldste ...
... Fertilization initiates a cascade of events that leads to breaking the symmetry of the oocyte, as evidenced by a local cessation of actomyosin contractility. What is the nature of the symmetry-breaking cue? It is not the sperm entry site nor paternal genetic material (Sadler and Shakes, 2000 Goldste ...
Diuretics - AState.edu
... Mechanisms of Action: Thiazide Diuretics in the Distal Convoluted Tubule ...
... Mechanisms of Action: Thiazide Diuretics in the Distal Convoluted Tubule ...
Amyloid-b Acts as a Regulator of Neurotransmitter Release
... Background: It is becoming increasingly evident that deficits in the cortex and hippocampus at early stages of dementia in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are associated with synaptic damage caused by oligomers of the toxic amyloid-b peptide (Ab42). However, the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms ...
... Background: It is becoming increasingly evident that deficits in the cortex and hippocampus at early stages of dementia in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are associated with synaptic damage caused by oligomers of the toxic amyloid-b peptide (Ab42). However, the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms ...
Characterization of rat epimorphin/syntaxin 2 expression suggests a
... (40 cycles) was performed using Taq polymerase. As predicted, a 350-bp fragment was isolated. Complete sequence analysis of this partial cDNA revealed 96% nucleic acid identity with mouse epimorphin and 100% identity with rat syntaxin 2 (3). RNase protection assays. We determined by Northern blot an ...
... (40 cycles) was performed using Taq polymerase. As predicted, a 350-bp fragment was isolated. Complete sequence analysis of this partial cDNA revealed 96% nucleic acid identity with mouse epimorphin and 100% identity with rat syntaxin 2 (3). RNase protection assays. We determined by Northern blot an ...
The Ovine Lens Cytoskeleton - Lincoln University Research Archive
... Intermediate filament proteins are referred to as such on the basis of their average diameter (10 nm) is intermediate to that of microfilaments (characteristically 5-8 nm in diameter) and the microtubules (typically 20-25 nm in diameter; Strelkov et al., 2003; Pitz & Moll, 2002). Intermediate filame ...
... Intermediate filament proteins are referred to as such on the basis of their average diameter (10 nm) is intermediate to that of microfilaments (characteristically 5-8 nm in diameter) and the microtubules (typically 20-25 nm in diameter; Strelkov et al., 2003; Pitz & Moll, 2002). Intermediate filame ...
BMS 524 - 'Introduction to Confocal Microscopy and Image
... • Acetone is a good protein denaturant like ethanol/methanol. • As for its actions on membranes, it does not dissolve phospholipids. In fact, acetone is used as a specific solvent to precipitate phospholipids to help isolate them from other components solubilized by acetone. • Its permeabilizing act ...
... • Acetone is a good protein denaturant like ethanol/methanol. • As for its actions on membranes, it does not dissolve phospholipids. In fact, acetone is used as a specific solvent to precipitate phospholipids to help isolate them from other components solubilized by acetone. • Its permeabilizing act ...
PDF - International Journal of Biological Sciences
... of actin cytoskeleton, a three-dimensional polymeric internal structure [3, 4]. The actin cytoskeleton is known to consist of actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments with many accessory proteins. The dynamic reassembly of this intracellular protein network regulates the cell shape, ...
... of actin cytoskeleton, a three-dimensional polymeric internal structure [3, 4]. The actin cytoskeleton is known to consist of actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments with many accessory proteins. The dynamic reassembly of this intracellular protein network regulates the cell shape, ...
2.2 Macroscopical anatomy of the bovine eyeball
... The eyeball encloses several compartments, containing refractive media, and various adnexa. The latter are accessory structures such as the ocular muscles that move the eyeball, the lid that protect it, and the lacrimal apparatus that keeps its exposed parts moist. Most of these are housed in the or ...
... The eyeball encloses several compartments, containing refractive media, and various adnexa. The latter are accessory structures such as the ocular muscles that move the eyeball, the lid that protect it, and the lacrimal apparatus that keeps its exposed parts moist. Most of these are housed in the or ...
PLEKHM1/DEF8/RAB7 complex regulates lysosome positioning and
... Osteoclasts are multinucleated cells that are capable of resorbing calcified cartilage and bone matrix during skeletal development, homeostasis, and repair (1). Increased osteoclast number or activity leads to bone loss in metabolic bone diseases, such as postmenopausal osteoporosis (2). Conversely, ...
... Osteoclasts are multinucleated cells that are capable of resorbing calcified cartilage and bone matrix during skeletal development, homeostasis, and repair (1). Increased osteoclast number or activity leads to bone loss in metabolic bone diseases, such as postmenopausal osteoporosis (2). Conversely, ...
E-cadherin controls β-catenin and NF
... to a mesenchymal phenotype in a process known as epithelial-tomesenchymal transition (EMT) (Savagner, 2001; Huber et al., 2005). This phenomenon, essential for embryo development, is also required for the acquisition of invasive properties by cancer cells. EMT is also reversible, and conversion of m ...
... to a mesenchymal phenotype in a process known as epithelial-tomesenchymal transition (EMT) (Savagner, 2001; Huber et al., 2005). This phenomenon, essential for embryo development, is also required for the acquisition of invasive properties by cancer cells. EMT is also reversible, and conversion of m ...
Western et al., 2001 - UBC Blogs
... involves a regulated series of cytological events including growth, cytoplasmic rearrangement, mucilage synthesis, and secondary cell wall production. We have tested the potential of Arabidopsis seed coat epidermal cells as a model system for the genetic analysis of these processes. A screen for mut ...
... involves a regulated series of cytological events including growth, cytoplasmic rearrangement, mucilage synthesis, and secondary cell wall production. We have tested the potential of Arabidopsis seed coat epidermal cells as a model system for the genetic analysis of these processes. A screen for mut ...
Live Cell Imaging Reveals Structural Associations
... In eukaryotic cells, the actin and microtubule (MT) cytoskeletal networks are dynamic structures that organize intracellular processes and facilitate their rapid reorganization. In plant cells, actin filaments (AFs) and MTs are essential for cell growth and morphogenesis. However, dynamic interactio ...
... In eukaryotic cells, the actin and microtubule (MT) cytoskeletal networks are dynamic structures that organize intracellular processes and facilitate their rapid reorganization. In plant cells, actin filaments (AFs) and MTs are essential for cell growth and morphogenesis. However, dynamic interactio ...
Identification of a Cytoplasm to Vacuole Targeting Determinant in
... et al., 1995). In both autophagy and endocytosis there is bulk flow of soluble proteins into the vacuole but to date no soluble resident vacuolar protein has been shown to enter the yeast vacuole by these means. The majority of resident yeast vacuolar proteins enter this organelle through the secret ...
... et al., 1995). In both autophagy and endocytosis there is bulk flow of soluble proteins into the vacuole but to date no soluble resident vacuolar protein has been shown to enter the yeast vacuole by these means. The majority of resident yeast vacuolar proteins enter this organelle through the secret ...
Extracellular ATP Functions as an
... (Leitner et al., 1975; Unsworth and Johnson, 1990; Sorensen and Novak, 2001). The mechanisms by which plant cells and nonsecretory animal cells release ATP are still poorly understood, but there is evidence for the involvement of ABC transporters and anion channels (Abraham et al., 1993; Roman et al ...
... (Leitner et al., 1975; Unsworth and Johnson, 1990; Sorensen and Novak, 2001). The mechanisms by which plant cells and nonsecretory animal cells release ATP are still poorly understood, but there is evidence for the involvement of ABC transporters and anion channels (Abraham et al., 1993; Roman et al ...
Aerobic and Anaerobic Bacterial Respiration
... ceasing when oxygen was introduced into the medium and equally rapidly recommencing when the reaction medium became depleted of oxygen (Fig. 4a). By contrast, with formate as substrate, an appreciable rate of nitrate reduction was observed in the presence of oxygen, albeit at a slower rate than that ...
... ceasing when oxygen was introduced into the medium and equally rapidly recommencing when the reaction medium became depleted of oxygen (Fig. 4a). By contrast, with formate as substrate, an appreciable rate of nitrate reduction was observed in the presence of oxygen, albeit at a slower rate than that ...