06-07 Plant versus Animal
... A sarcomere (or muscle functional unit) extends from Z line to Z line. Each sarcomere has thick and thin filaments. The thick filaments are made of myosin and occupy the center of each sarcomere. Thin filaments are made of actin and anchor to the Z line. ...
... A sarcomere (or muscle functional unit) extends from Z line to Z line. Each sarcomere has thick and thin filaments. The thick filaments are made of myosin and occupy the center of each sarcomere. Thin filaments are made of actin and anchor to the Z line. ...
connective tissue
... relatively short, fusiform cells (thick in middle, tapered at ends) one centrally located nucleus visceral muscle – forms layers of digestive, respiratory, and urinary tract: blood vessels, uterus and other viscera • propels contents through an organ, regulates diameter of blood vessels ...
... relatively short, fusiform cells (thick in middle, tapered at ends) one centrally located nucleus visceral muscle – forms layers of digestive, respiratory, and urinary tract: blood vessels, uterus and other viscera • propels contents through an organ, regulates diameter of blood vessels ...
Chapt 36 Plant Transport
... Loading of sucrose into phloem flow through cells via plasmodesmata proton pumps ...
... Loading of sucrose into phloem flow through cells via plasmodesmata proton pumps ...
Unit 2 – Multicellular Organisms
... Xylem vessels are dead and contain lignin for support. Water is required for transporting materials and for photosynthesis. The process of transpiration. Sugar is transported up and down the plant in living phloem. Structure of phloem tissue. 5. Health and Physiology Animal transport and exchange sy ...
... Xylem vessels are dead and contain lignin for support. Water is required for transporting materials and for photosynthesis. The process of transpiration. Sugar is transported up and down the plant in living phloem. Structure of phloem tissue. 5. Health and Physiology Animal transport and exchange sy ...
Characterization of embryonic stem cells: A special focus on farm
... renew themselves for long periods through cell division and also give rise to one or more specialized cell types with specific functions in the body. Specialized cells are those, which are committed to conduct a specific function, but ES cells remain uncommitted, until they receive a signal for diff ...
... renew themselves for long periods through cell division and also give rise to one or more specialized cell types with specific functions in the body. Specialized cells are those, which are committed to conduct a specific function, but ES cells remain uncommitted, until they receive a signal for diff ...
Species-specific developmental timing is maintained by pluripotent
... stages and thus respond similarly to growth factors (Brons et al., 2007; Greber et al., 2010; Tesar et al., 2007; Rossant and Tam, 2017). A single defined neural differentiation medium was used throughout the time course to differentiate cells to the early forebrain and neocortex (see Section 4) (Espun ...
... stages and thus respond similarly to growth factors (Brons et al., 2007; Greber et al., 2010; Tesar et al., 2007; Rossant and Tam, 2017). A single defined neural differentiation medium was used throughout the time course to differentiate cells to the early forebrain and neocortex (see Section 4) (Espun ...
Alveolar Sac and Alveoli
... – Roughly cuboidal in shape, found in groups of 2 or 3 cells between type I pneumocytes. – Cover 3% of alveolar surface. – Bear microvilli on their free surfaces. – Contain foamy vacuolated cytoplasm due to presence of lamellated bodies. – These lamellated bodies contain a complex lipoprot ...
... – Roughly cuboidal in shape, found in groups of 2 or 3 cells between type I pneumocytes. – Cover 3% of alveolar surface. – Bear microvilli on their free surfaces. – Contain foamy vacuolated cytoplasm due to presence of lamellated bodies. – These lamellated bodies contain a complex lipoprot ...
mRNA delivery for
... rounds of cell division, we repeatedly transfected fibroblasts with siRNA targeting Ifnb1, Eif2ak2, Stat2, and Tlr3, and RNA encoding Lin28. Lin28 is a cytoplasmic, RNA-binding protein that is highly expressed both in embryonic stem cells, where it regulates cell growth [32], and in several cancers ...
... rounds of cell division, we repeatedly transfected fibroblasts with siRNA targeting Ifnb1, Eif2ak2, Stat2, and Tlr3, and RNA encoding Lin28. Lin28 is a cytoplasmic, RNA-binding protein that is highly expressed both in embryonic stem cells, where it regulates cell growth [32], and in several cancers ...
File
... information, but would be unable to share it, so both would die. 30. Cells that develop from a single zygote all contain identical DNA molecules. However, some of these cells will develop differently because A) different groups of cells containing the DNA may be exposed to different environmental co ...
... information, but would be unable to share it, so both would die. 30. Cells that develop from a single zygote all contain identical DNA molecules. However, some of these cells will develop differently because A) different groups of cells containing the DNA may be exposed to different environmental co ...
PART 1. Principles of development in biology
... independently from the bat wing. Bats descended from a long line of nonwinged mammals, and the structure of the bat wing is markedly different from that of a bird wing. One of the most celebrated cases of embryonic homology is that of the fish gill cartilage, the reptilian jaw, and the mammalian mid ...
... independently from the bat wing. Bats descended from a long line of nonwinged mammals, and the structure of the bat wing is markedly different from that of a bird wing. One of the most celebrated cases of embryonic homology is that of the fish gill cartilage, the reptilian jaw, and the mammalian mid ...
The histology of respiratory system
... bronchioles that serve as regions of transition between the conducting and respiratory portions of the respiratory system . • The respiratory bronchiolar mucosa is structurally identical to that of the terminal bronchioles, except that their walls are interrupted by the openings to saclike alveoli w ...
... bronchioles that serve as regions of transition between the conducting and respiratory portions of the respiratory system . • The respiratory bronchiolar mucosa is structurally identical to that of the terminal bronchioles, except that their walls are interrupted by the openings to saclike alveoli w ...
chapter_5 - The Anatomy Academy
... Damaged vessels leak blood Damaged cells and mast cells leak histamine dilates blood vessels increases blood flow ...
... Damaged vessels leak blood Damaged cells and mast cells leak histamine dilates blood vessels increases blood flow ...
Gene therapy
... fibres. So perhaps successful animal models will prove inadequate when the same protocols are extended to humans. Moreover, these models are based on inbred animals — the outbred human population, with individual variation, will add yet another degree of complexity. The haematopoietic (bloodproducin ...
... fibres. So perhaps successful animal models will prove inadequate when the same protocols are extended to humans. Moreover, these models are based on inbred animals — the outbred human population, with individual variation, will add yet another degree of complexity. The haematopoietic (bloodproducin ...
1.4 packet
... In this activity, you will build a paper chain according to specific steps to explore the advantages of specialization. Many of the tasks that are performed in the human body require multiple steps. Different cells may perform different steps in the process. In this activity, you will first build th ...
... In this activity, you will build a paper chain according to specific steps to explore the advantages of specialization. Many of the tasks that are performed in the human body require multiple steps. Different cells may perform different steps in the process. In this activity, you will first build th ...
Biology Term 2 - Pearson-Global
... Did you know? Damaged human organs cannot regrow … apart from the liver. Liver transplants are oen done using part of a liver because the transplanted piece of liver grows by mitosis to form a full-sized liver. The liver pieces for transplants can be taken from living donors because ...
... Did you know? Damaged human organs cannot regrow … apart from the liver. Liver transplants are oen done using part of a liver because the transplanted piece of liver grows by mitosis to form a full-sized liver. The liver pieces for transplants can be taken from living donors because ...
Grade 9 Biology-Term-2
... Did you know? Damaged human organs cannot regrow … apart from the liver. Liver transplants are oen done using part of a liver because the transplanted piece of liver grows by mitosis to form a full-sized liver. The liver pieces for transplants can be taken from living donors because ...
... Did you know? Damaged human organs cannot regrow … apart from the liver. Liver transplants are oen done using part of a liver because the transplanted piece of liver grows by mitosis to form a full-sized liver. The liver pieces for transplants can be taken from living donors because ...
Hematopoietic regulation in the embryo
... also possesses stem cell repopulating activity. However, yolk sac cells isolated before the establishment of the circulation have been demonstrated to reconstitute lethally irradiated adult mice if injected into myeloablated newborn mice10 or after co-culture with an endothelial-like cell line in vi ...
... also possesses stem cell repopulating activity. However, yolk sac cells isolated before the establishment of the circulation have been demonstrated to reconstitute lethally irradiated adult mice if injected into myeloablated newborn mice10 or after co-culture with an endothelial-like cell line in vi ...
The Role of the Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF)
... are isolated from the inner cell mass (ICM) of blastocyst stage embryos [11,33] and the induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), which are generated by reprogramming somatic cells using gene transfection [34]. Murine pluripotent ESCs are characterized by the expression of specific cell surface glycop ...
... are isolated from the inner cell mass (ICM) of blastocyst stage embryos [11,33] and the induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), which are generated by reprogramming somatic cells using gene transfection [34]. Murine pluripotent ESCs are characterized by the expression of specific cell surface glycop ...
2.4 Exchanging gases – Questions and answers Q1. Bk Ch2 S2.4
... leaves and stems. Water vapour also evaporates from plant surfaces through the stomates. The opening and closing of stomates is regulated by the surrounding guard cells. When the concentration of potassium ions inside the guard cells increases, water enters the cells by osmosis and the cells become ...
... leaves and stems. Water vapour also evaporates from plant surfaces through the stomates. The opening and closing of stomates is regulated by the surrounding guard cells. When the concentration of potassium ions inside the guard cells increases, water enters the cells by osmosis and the cells become ...
human embryonic stem cell therapy
... second stage will be to discover the correct mode of delivery of the specialized cells to the part of the body that is diseased or injured. A third stage will be to determine if such specialized cells enter the body, become part of it, and begin functioning to replace the injured cells; this is the ...
... second stage will be to discover the correct mode of delivery of the specialized cells to the part of the body that is diseased or injured. A third stage will be to determine if such specialized cells enter the body, become part of it, and begin functioning to replace the injured cells; this is the ...
Review Article Stem cells for the cell and molecular therapy of type 1
... incorporated into the genome. This incorporation can cause mutations, which may hinder the normal function of iPSCs, their differentiation ability, or cause tumorigenesis [51]. To overcome this problem, some studies have generated iPSCs using an adenoviral reprogramming method, where non-integrating ...
... incorporated into the genome. This incorporation can cause mutations, which may hinder the normal function of iPSCs, their differentiation ability, or cause tumorigenesis [51]. To overcome this problem, some studies have generated iPSCs using an adenoviral reprogramming method, where non-integrating ...
Animal Systems - attrydesclass
... These tissues join together to form ________, such as the heart or the stomach. Organs may interact to form organ ________ such as the digestive system. ____________(balance) allows for the stable functioning (physiology) of all our combined parts. ...
... These tissues join together to form ________, such as the heart or the stomach. Organs may interact to form organ ________ such as the digestive system. ____________(balance) allows for the stable functioning (physiology) of all our combined parts. ...
Human induced pluripotent stem cells derived hepatocytes: rising
... Another prospective area of using iPSC-hepatocytes is the drug development. Hepatotoxicity and cardiotoxicity are two principal causes of drug failure in preclinical development (Rubin, 2008). Isolated primary human hepatocytes are the current “gold standard” in vitro model for drug metabolism and t ...
... Another prospective area of using iPSC-hepatocytes is the drug development. Hepatotoxicity and cardiotoxicity are two principal causes of drug failure in preclinical development (Rubin, 2008). Isolated primary human hepatocytes are the current “gold standard” in vitro model for drug metabolism and t ...
Induced pluripotent stem cell
Induced pluripotent stem cells (also known as iPS cells or iPSCs) are a type of pluripotent stem cell that can be generated directly from adult cells. The iPSC technology was pioneered by Shinya Yamanaka’s lab in Kyoto, Japan, who showed in 2006 that the introduction of four specific genes encoding transcription factors could convert adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. He was awarded the 2012 Nobel Prize along with Sir John Gurdon ""for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent."" Pluripotent stem cells hold great promise in the field of regenerative medicine. Because they can propagate indefinitely, as well as give rise to every other cell type in the body (such as neurons, heart, pancreatic, and liver cells), they represent a single source of cells that could be used to replace those lost to damage or disease.The most well-known type of pluripotent stem cell is the embryonic stem cell. However, since the generation of embryonic stem cells involves destruction (or at least manipulation) of the pre-implantation stage embryo, there has been much controversy surrounding their use. Further, because embryonic stem cells can only be derived from embryos, it has so far not been feasible to create patient-matched embryonic stem cell lines.Since iPSCs can be derived directly from adult tissues, they not only bypass the need for embryos, but can be made in a patient-matched manner, which means that each individual could have their own pluripotent stem cell line. These unlimited supplies of autologous cells could be used to generate transplants without the risk of immune rejection. While the iPSC technology has not yet advanced to a stage where therapeutic transplants have been deemed safe, iPSCs are readily being used in personalized drug discovery efforts and understanding the patient-specific basis of disease.Depending on the methods used, reprogramming of adult cells to obtain iPSCs may pose significant risks that could limit their use in humans. For example, if viruses are used to genomically alter the cells, the expression of oncogenes (cancer-causing genes) may potentially be triggered. In February 2008, scientists announced the discovery of a technique that could remove oncogenes after the induction of pluripotency, thereby increasing the potential use of iPS cells in human diseases. In April 2009, it was demonstrated that generation of iPS cells is possible without any genetic alteration of the adult cell: a repeated treatment of the cells with certain proteins channeled into the cells via poly-arginine anchors was sufficient to induce pluripotency. The acronym given for those iPSCs is piPSCs (protein-induced pluripotent stem cells).